2.7.1.176: UDP-N-acetylglucosamine kinase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about UDP-N-acetylglucosamine kinase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.7.1.176
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2.7.1.176
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pyogenes
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streptococcal
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omega
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stasis
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low-copy-number
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peptidoglycan
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poisons
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addiction
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erythromycin
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secure
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biotechnology
- 2.7.1.176
- pyogenes
- streptococcal
- omega
-
stasis
-
low-copy-number
- peptidoglycan
-
poisons
-
addiction
- erythromycin
-
secure
- biotechnology
Reaction
Synonyms
epsilon/zeta toxin-antitoxin homologue, Ngzeta_1, ng_epsilon1 / ng_zeta1, ng_zeta1 toxin, PezT, TA homologue, toxin PezT, toxin zeta, UNAG kinase, zeta toxin, Zeta-toxin
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General Information
General Information on EC 2.7.1.176 - UDP-N-acetylglucosamine kinase
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evolution
malfunction
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PezT inhibition renders the host-cell capable to actively control toxin release
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
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most genomes of bacteria contain toxin-antitoxin systems. These gene systems encode a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin. Members of the epsilon/zeta toxin-antitoxin family are found throughout the genomes of pathogenic bacteria
evolution
most genomes of bacteria contain toxin-antitoxin systems. These gene systems encode a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin. Members of the epsilon/zeta toxin-antitoxin family are found throughout the genomes of pathogenic bacteria
evolution
most genomes of bacteria contain toxin-antitoxin systems. These gene systems encode a toxic protein and its cognate antitoxin. Members of the epsilon/zeta toxin-antitoxin family are found throughout the genomes of pathogenic bacteria
evolution
ngzeta_1 forms a new subclass of zeta-like toxins. Apart from being encoded on a bicistronic operon and harbouring a P-loop motive, a hallmark for ATP/GTP binding proteins, ngzeta_1 is remarkably different from the hitherto functionally characterized streptococcal zeta toxins in its primary sequence. Especially striking is that the P-loop motive is located much closer to the Cterminus when compared with streptococcal zeta toxins. Also the ngepsilon_1 antitoxin has no similarities to any known epsilon protein
expression of PezT and zeta in Escherichia coli lead to temporary inhibition in cell growth and is therefore seen as triggering cell stasis rather than cell death
metabolism
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mechanism used by zeta toxins to induce programmed cell death in bacteria, overview
metabolism
mechanism used by zeta toxins to induce programmed cell death in bacteria, overview
metabolism
mechanism used by zeta toxins to induce programmed cell death in bacteria, overview
metabolism
ngzeta_1 drains precursors from peptidoglycan synthesis at multiple stages. Under normal conditions cytosolic levels of UNAM regulate peptidoglycan synthesis by a negative feedback loop inhibiting MurA. In contrast, once ngzeta_1 becomes active, MurA, MurB, and MurC are depleted from their substrates. All phosphorylated precursors are dead-end metabolites, but none of them seems to directly inhibit any enzyme of early peptidoglycan synthesis
PezAT chromosomal toxin-antitoxin system of the human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae, the toxicity of PezT is counteracted by PezA, which is encoded immediately upstream of pezT and shares weak sequence similarities in the C-terminal region with the epsilon antitoxin. The pezAT genes form a bicistronic operon that is co-transcribed from a sigma70-like promoter upstream of pezA and is negatively autoregulated with PezA functioning as a transcriptional repressor and PezT as a co-repressor. Inactivation of PezT by PezA, in the inactive PezA2PezT2 heterotetrameric protein complex, the nucleotide binding site of PezT is covered by two helices of PezA
physiological function
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the toxin-antitoxin system is not only able to stabilize resistance plasmids but also to promote virulence. It is linked with numerous functions, including growth modulation, genome maintenance, and stress response. Upon antitoxin degradation, the toxin induces cell stasis or death. zeta Toxins are kinases that poison bacteria through global inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. zeta Toxins in general phosphorylate the ubiquitous peptidoglycan precursor uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine, and this activity is counteracted by binding of antitoxin. Mechanism used by zeta toxins to induce programmed cell death in bacteria, overview. PezT phosphorylates the cell wall precursor and inhibits cell wall synthesis
physiological function
the toxin-antitoxin system is not only able to stabilize resistance plasmids but also to promote virulence. It is linked with numerous functions, including growth modulation, genome maintenance, and stress response. Upon antitoxin degradation, the toxin induces cell stasis or death. zeta Toxins are kinases that poison bacteria through global inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. zeta Toxins in general phosphorylate the ubiquitous peptidoglycan precursor uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine, and this activity is counteracted by binding of antitoxin. Mechanism used by zeta toxins to induce programmed cell death in bacteria, overview. PezT phosphorylates the cell wall precursor and inhibits cell wall synthesis
physiological function
the toxin-antitoxin system is not only able to stabilize resistance plasmids but also to promote virulence. It is linked with numerous functions, including growth modulation, genome maintenance, and stress response. Upon antitoxin degradation, the toxin induces cell stasis or death. zeta Toxins are kinases that poison bacteria through global inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. zeta Toxins in general phosphorylate the ubiquitous peptidoglycan precursor uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine, and this activity is counteracted by binding of antitoxin. Mechanism used by zeta toxins to induce programmed cell death in bacteria, overview. PezT phosphorylates the cell wall precursor and inhibits cell wall synthesis
physiological function
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toxin zeta inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and may be bactericide in nature, it induces at or near physiological concentrations reversible cessation of Bacillus subtilis proliferation, as protective dormancy, by targeting essential metabolic functions and selects a subpopulation of cells that exhibit non-inheritable tolerance. zeta Toxin induces reversible protective dormancy and permeation to propidium iodide, and expression of epsilon2 antitoxin reverses these effects. At later times, free active zeta decreases synthesis of macromolecules and releases intracellular K+, molecular mechanisms and regulation, overview
physiological function
toxin zeta is bactericidal for the gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and bacteriostatic for the gram-negative Escherichia coli, counteracted by proper expression of epsilon. Functioning of the omega-epsilon-zeta operon as a stabilizing cassette in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli cells, mechanism, overview
physiological function
zeta-toxins interfere with cell wall synthesis. The phosphorylation site of Neisseria zeta-toxin is different from the streptococcal zeta toxins, resulting in a different interference with cell wall synthesis. This difference most likely reflects adaptation to the individual cell wall composition of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms but also the distinct involvement of cell wall components in virulence
physiological function
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toxin zeta inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and may be bactericide in nature, it induces at or near physiological concentrations reversible cessation of Bacillus subtilis proliferation, as protective dormancy, by targeting essential metabolic functions and selects a subpopulation of cells that exhibit non-inheritable tolerance. zeta Toxin induces reversible protective dormancy and permeation to propidium iodide, and expression of epsilon2 antitoxin reverses these effects. At later times, free active zeta decreases synthesis of macromolecules and releases intracellular K+, molecular mechanisms and regulation, overview
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slow growth protects cells from toxin-induced autolysis
additional information
the antitoxin toxin system epsilon/zeta and antibiotic resistance proteins are encoded on the broad-host-range, low-copy-number plasmid pSM19035. Theepsilon2/zeta2 protein complex is biologically nontoxic. The predominant contacts between antitoxin epsilon and toxin zeta involve helix a of epsilon, toxin-antitoxin interactions, overview
additional information
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the antitoxin toxin system epsilon/zeta and antibiotic resistance proteins are encoded on the broad-host-range, low-copy-number plasmid pSM19035. Theepsilon2/zeta2 protein complex is biologically nontoxic. The predominant contacts between antitoxin epsilon and toxin zeta involve helix a of epsilon, toxin-antitoxin interactions, overview
additional information
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the pneumococcal chromosomally encoded, class II epsilon zeta antitoxin toxin, PezAT, system is a chromosomally encoded, class II toxin antitoxin system from the human pathogen, assembly and dynamics of the epsilon zeta antitoxin toxin, PezAT association is electrostatically enhanced, overview. Proteolytic removal of the transcriptional repressor domain of PezA, because the C-terminal domains binds to PezT with comparable affinity as full-length protein
additional information
the enzyme is produced and analyzed in a ng_epsilon1/ng_zeta1 complex