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H194S
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79% of wild-type activity
T141S
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106% of wild-type activity
L352F
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change from a non-selective acyltransferase to an oleate-selective acyltransferase, 117% of wild-type activity
E315A
28% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
E315Q
47% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
F313A
17% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
F313Y
88% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
R278H
10% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
R278K
76% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
R279A
101% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
R279H
95% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
R279K
101% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
R318H
2.6% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
R318K
11% of wild-type mitochondrial acyltransferase activity
L261F
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90% of wild-type activity
L261F
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change from a non-selective acyltransferase to an oleate-selective acyltransferase
S331P
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no change in acyl-donor selectivity
S331P
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94% of wild-type activity
R195H
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant cells show increased phospholipid levels
R195H
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site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant cells show increased phospholipid levels
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additional information
generation of a T-DNA insertion mutant strain of GPAT2, determination of chlorophyll content and fatty acids composition of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in Arabidopsis thaliana GPAT6 mutant line, overview. In the seedling stage, chlorophyll content, the photochemical efficiency of PSII, PSI oxidoreductive activity (1I/Io), and the unsaturated fatty acid content of PG decrease less in overexpressing strains and more in mutant strains than that in wild-type under salt stress. Overexpression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from Suaeda salsa improves salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana deficient in GPAT2. The overexpression of SsGPAT alleviates the photoinhibition of PSII and PSI under salt stress by improving the unsaturated fatty acid content of PG
additional information
generation of two GPAT9 overexpression vectors, i.e. constitutive (GPAT9-OE) and seed-specific (GPAT9-SS-OE) vectors, respectively, and of two GPAT9 RNAi vectors, i.e. constitutive (GPAT9-RNAi) and seed-specific (GPAT9-SS-RNAi) vectors, respectively. To generate GPAT9 overexpression constructs, the GPAT9 coding sequence is inserted between the constitutive tobacco tCUP3 promoter and Pisum sativum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase transcriptional terminator (rbcS-t) to generate the GPAT9-OE vector, or between the seed-specific Brassica napus Napin promoter and rbcS-t transcriptional terminator to produce the GPAT9-SS-OE vector. The GPAT9 RNAi fragments are inserted in opposite orientations between the constitutive tCUP3 promoter and intronic spacer from the pHannibal plasmid, and rbcS-t transcriptional terminator and intronic spacer, respectively. These same sense and antisense GPAT9 fragments are also inserted between the seed-specific Phaseolus vulgaris beta-phaseolin promoter and pHannibal intronic spacer, and the beta-phaseolin transcriptional terminator and intronic spacer, respectively, in a pPZP-RSC1 background. Overexpression and down-regulation of GPAT9 in Arabidopsis thaliana results in changes in seed size, as well as seed oil content and composition, phenotypes, overview. Overexpression of GPAT9 in GPAT9-OE lines results in increased seed oil content, downregulation of this gene in GPAT9-RNAi lines yields significant decreases in seed oil content. No significant differences are noted in seed yields between either T3 homozygous GPAT9-OE and wild-type lines, or GPAT9-RNAi and wild-type. Altering the constitutive expression of GPAT9 in Arabidopsis enhances production of lipid droplets in pollen grains
additional information
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generation of a T-DNA insertion mutant strain of GPAT2, determination of chlorophyll content and fatty acids composition of phosphatidylglycerol (PG) in Arabidopsis thaliana GPAT6 mutant line, overview. In the seedling stage, chlorophyll content, the photochemical efficiency of PSII, PSI oxidoreductive activity (1I/Io), and the unsaturated fatty acid content of PG decrease less in overexpressing strains and more in mutant strains than that in wild-type under salt stress. Overexpression of glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase from Suaeda salsa improves salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana deficient in GPAT2. The overexpression of SsGPAT alleviates the photoinhibition of PSII and PSI under salt stress by improving the unsaturated fatty acid content of PG
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additional information
disruption and overexpression of the PLAT2 in Aurantiochytrium limacinum leading to reduced and increased enzyme activity, i.e. plat2-disruption mutant (plat2-KO) and plat2-overexpression mutant (plat2-OE), respectively, overview. The plat2 KO vector, which contains the promoter, hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hygromycin resistance gene, HygR), and terminator, i.e. HygR cassette
additional information
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disruption and overexpression of the PLAT2 in Aurantiochytrium limacinum leading to reduced and increased enzyme activity, i.e. plat2-disruption mutant (plat2-KO) and plat2-overexpression mutant (plat2-OE), respectively, overview. The plat2 KO vector, which contains the promoter, hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hygromycin resistance gene, HygR), and terminator, i.e. HygR cassette
additional information
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disruption and overexpression of the PLAT2 in Aurantiochytrium limacinum leading to reduced and increased enzyme activity, i.e. plat2-disruption mutant (plat2-KO) and plat2-overexpression mutant (plat2-OE), respectively, overview. The plat2 KO vector, which contains the promoter, hygromycin B phosphotransferase gene (hygromycin resistance gene, HygR), and terminator, i.e. HygR cassette
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additional information
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construction of an enzyme deletion mutant, which is inactive in enzyme activity and highly reduced in triacylglycerol synthesis, but not in other lipid or virulence factor synthesis, overview
additional information
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construction of isozyme mtGPAT1-knockout mice
additional information
changes in GPAT4 activity in overexpressing Cos-7 cells and knockout mice
additional information
changes in GPAT4 activity in overexpressing Cos-7 cells and knockout mice
additional information
changes in GPAT4 activity in overexpressing Cos-7 cells and knockout mice
additional information
changes in GPAT4 activity in overexpressing Cos-7 cells and knockout mice
additional information
construction of GPAT2 knockout mice
additional information
construction of GPAT2 knockout mice
additional information
construction of GPAT2 knockout mice
additional information
construction of GPAT2 knockout mice
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construction of GPAT4 knockout or null mice. Overexpression of GPAT4 in HEK-293 cells leads to increase the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol, while triacylglycerol levels are unchanged. GPAT4-deficient mice have decreased body weight gain and subcutaneous fat pad, lowered hepatic and plasmatic triglycerides levels, and improved insulin resistance compared to controls. In addition, GPAT4-/- mice are protected from dietary-induced obesity (DIO) and the development of insulin resistance in the liver and muscle cells through decreased content of di16:0 PA
additional information
construction of GPAT4 knockout or null mice. Overexpression of GPAT4 in HEK-293 cells leads to increase the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol, while triacylglycerol levels are unchanged. GPAT4-deficient mice have decreased body weight gain and subcutaneous fat pad, lowered hepatic and plasmatic triglycerides levels, and improved insulin resistance compared to controls. In addition, GPAT4-/- mice are protected from dietary-induced obesity (DIO) and the development of insulin resistance in the liver and muscle cells through decreased content of di16:0 PA
additional information
construction of GPAT4 knockout or null mice. Overexpression of GPAT4 in HEK-293 cells leads to increase the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol, while triacylglycerol levels are unchanged. GPAT4-deficient mice have decreased body weight gain and subcutaneous fat pad, lowered hepatic and plasmatic triglycerides levels, and improved insulin resistance compared to controls. In addition, GPAT4-/- mice are protected from dietary-induced obesity (DIO) and the development of insulin resistance in the liver and muscle cells through decreased content of di16:0 PA
additional information
construction of GPAT4 knockout or null mice. Overexpression of GPAT4 in HEK-293 cells leads to increase the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol, while triacylglycerol levels are unchanged. GPAT4-deficient mice have decreased body weight gain and subcutaneous fat pad, lowered hepatic and plasmatic triglycerides levels, and improved insulin resistance compared to controls. In addition, GPAT4-/- mice are protected from dietary-induced obesity (DIO) and the development of insulin resistance in the liver and muscle cells through decreased content of di16:0 PA
additional information
generation of Gpat4-/- mice in a C57BL6/J background
additional information
generation of Gpat4-/- mice in a C57BL6/J background
additional information
GPAT activity increases significantly after GPAT3 overexpression in COS-7 cells. The activity of GPAT decreases dramatically with GPAT3-specific siRNA knockdown in 3T3-L1 cells, which directly inhibits lipid synthesis
additional information
GPAT activity increases significantly after GPAT3 overexpression in COS-7 cells. The activity of GPAT decreases dramatically with GPAT3-specific siRNA knockdown in 3T3-L1 cells, which directly inhibits lipid synthesis
additional information
GPAT activity increases significantly after GPAT3 overexpression in COS-7 cells. The activity of GPAT decreases dramatically with GPAT3-specific siRNA knockdown in 3T3-L1 cells, which directly inhibits lipid synthesis
additional information
GPAT activity increases significantly after GPAT3 overexpression in COS-7 cells. The activity of GPAT decreases dramatically with GPAT3-specific siRNA knockdown in 3T3-L1 cells, which directly inhibits lipid synthesis
additional information
GPAT3 knockout (Gpat3-/-) mice are generated
additional information
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GPAT3 knockout (Gpat3-/-) mice are generated
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overexpression and knockout of GPAT1
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overexpression and knockout of GPAT1
additional information
overexpression and knockout of GPAT1
additional information
overexpression and knockout of GPAT1
additional information
the gene is silenced in vivo by inoculating lentiviral particles carrying the sequence of a short-hairpin RNA targeting Gpat2 mRNA into mouse testis, expression of 5 different shRNA-Gpat2 vectors, subcloning in HEK-293 cells. Histological and gene expression analysis shows impaired spermatogenesis and arrest at the pachytene stage. Defects in reproductive fitness are also observed, and the analysis of apoptosis-related gene expression demonstrates the activation of apoptosis in Gpat2-silenced germ cells. The decrease in germ cell number in shRNA-Gpat2 mice seminiferous tubules correlates with apoptosis activation, without retrotransposon derepression
additional information
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the gene is silenced in vivo by inoculating lentiviral particles carrying the sequence of a short-hairpin RNA targeting Gpat2 mRNA into mouse testis, expression of 5 different shRNA-Gpat2 vectors, subcloning in HEK-293 cells. Histological and gene expression analysis shows impaired spermatogenesis and arrest at the pachytene stage. Defects in reproductive fitness are also observed, and the analysis of apoptosis-related gene expression demonstrates the activation of apoptosis in Gpat2-silenced germ cells. The decrease in germ cell number in shRNA-Gpat2 mice seminiferous tubules correlates with apoptosis activation, without retrotransposon derepression
additional information
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construction of GPAT4 knockout or null mice. Overexpression of GPAT4 in HEK-293 cells leads to increase the formation of lysophosphatidic acid, phosphatidic acid, and diacylglycerol, while triacylglycerol levels are unchanged. GPAT4-deficient mice have decreased body weight gain and subcutaneous fat pad, lowered hepatic and plasmatic triglycerides levels, and improved insulin resistance compared to controls. In addition, GPAT4-/- mice are protected from dietary-induced obesity (DIO) and the development of insulin resistance in the liver and muscle cells through decreased content of di16:0 PA
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additional information
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generation of Gpat4-/- mice in a C57BL6/J background
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additional information
generation of an enzyme-deficient gpat3 mutant, the mutant exhibits normal vegetative development and inflorescence morphology, but has pale yellow to white and much smaller anthers compared with those of the wild-type and lacks mature pollen grains at the late stages of anther development, phenotype, detailed overview. Map-based cloning and functional complementation of mutant osgpat3, localization of osgpat3 mutation on chromosome 11
additional information
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generation of an enzyme-deficient gpat3 mutant, the mutant exhibits normal vegetative development and inflorescence morphology, but has pale yellow to white and much smaller anthers compared with those of the wild-type and lacks mature pollen grains at the late stages of anther development, phenotype, detailed overview. Map-based cloning and functional complementation of mutant osgpat3, localization of osgpat3 mutation on chromosome 11
additional information
enzyme overexpression in Phaeodactylum tricornutum leads to production of volumes of oil bodies and twofold increased neutral lipid content. Fatty acid composition is analyzed by GC-MS, which shows significantly higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids compared to wild-type
additional information
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enzyme overexpression in Phaeodactylum tricornutum leads to production of volumes of oil bodies and twofold increased neutral lipid content. Fatty acid composition is analyzed by GC-MS, which shows significantly higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids compared to wild-type
additional information
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enzyme overexpression in Phaeodactylum tricornutum leads to production of volumes of oil bodies and twofold increased neutral lipid content. Fatty acid composition is analyzed by GC-MS, which shows significantly higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids compared to wild-type
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additional information
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truncation of the C-terminal domain and characterization of the properties of the resulting mutants expressed in CHO cells. Although the mutants are overexpressed, none of them confers GPAT activity. The loss of activity is not due to the miss-targeting of the proteins. The C-terminal domain is necessary for mtGPAT1 activity, and probably contributes to catalysis or substrate binding
additional information
creation of the null mutant DELTAtbgat/DELTA tbgat and complementation of lines DELTA tbgat/DELTA tbgat/TbGAT and DELTA tbgat/DELTA tbgat/HV:TbGAT. The null mutant of TbGAT is created by sequential replacement of both alleles with first a BSD and then a HYG cassette, conferring blasticidin and hygromycin resistance, respectively, geno- and phenotypes, overview
additional information
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creation of the null mutant DELTAtbgat/DELTA tbgat and complementation of lines DELTA tbgat/DELTA tbgat/TbGAT and DELTA tbgat/DELTA tbgat/HV:TbGAT. The null mutant of TbGAT is created by sequential replacement of both alleles with first a BSD and then a HYG cassette, conferring blasticidin and hygromycin resistance, respectively, geno- and phenotypes, overview
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additional information
mutant ms33 is allelic to mutant sa1, male-sterile mutant sa1 phenotype compared to wild-type, overview
additional information
mutant ms33 is allelic to mutant sa1, male-sterile mutant sa1 phenotype compared to wild-type, overview
additional information
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mutant ms33 is allelic to mutant sa1, male-sterile mutant sa1 phenotype compared to wild-type, overview