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EC 4.1.1.101 Details

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EC number

4.1.1.101

Accepted name

malolactic enzyme

Reaction

(S)-malate = (S)-lactate + CO₂

Other name(s)

mleA (gene name), mleS (gene name)

Systematic name

(S)-malate carboxy-lyase

Comment

The enzyme is involved in the malolactic fermentation of wine, which results in a natural decrease in acidity and favorable changes in wine flavors. It has been purified from several lactic acid bacteria, including Leuconostoc mesenteroides [1], Lactobacillus plantarum [2], and Oenococcus oeni [3,4]. The enzyme contains a tightly bound NAD⁺ cofactor and requires Mn²⁺.

History

created 2015

EC Tree

1 Oxidoreductases

1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors

1.1.1 With NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor

1.1.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor

1.1.3 With oxygen as acceptor

1.1.4 With a disulfide as acceptor

1.1.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor

1.1.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

1.1.9 With a copper protein as acceptor

1.1.98 With other, known, physiological acceptors

1.1.98.1 alcohol dehydrogenase (azurin)

1.1.98.2 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (coenzyme-F₄₂₀)

1.1.98.3 decaprenylphospho-β-D-ribofuranose 2-dehydrogenase

1.1.98.4 F₄₂₀H₂:quinone oxidoreductase

1.1.98.5 secondary-alcohol dehydrogenase (coenzyme-F₄₂₀)

1.1.98.6 ribonucleoside-triphosphate reductase (formate)

1.1.98.7 serine-type anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme

1.1.99 With unknown physiological acceptors

1.2 Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors

1.3 Acting on the CH-CH group of donors

1.4 Acting on the CH-NH₂ group of donors

1.5 Acting on the CH-NH group of donors

1.6 Acting on NADH or NADPH

1.7 Acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors

1.8 Acting on a sulfur group of donors

1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors

1.10 Acting on diphenols and related substances as donors

1.10.1 With NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor

1.10.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor

1.10.3 With oxygen as acceptor

1.10.5 With a quinone or related compound as acceptor

1.10.9 With a copper protein as acceptor

1.10.99 With unknown physiological acceptors

1.11 Acting on a peroxide as acceptor

1.12 Acting on hydrogen as donor

1.13 Acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)

1.14 Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen

1.15 Acting on superoxide as acceptor

1.16 Oxidizing metal ions

1.17 Acting on CH or CH₂ groups

1.18 Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors

1.19 Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor

1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors

1.21 Catalysing the reaction X-H + Y-H = X-Y

1.21.1 With NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor

1.21.3 With oxygen as acceptor

1.21.4 With a disulfide as acceptor

1.21.98 With other, known, physiological acceptors

1.21.99 With unknown physiological acceptors

1.22 Acting on halogen in donors

1.23 Reducing C-O-C group as acceptor

1.97 Other oxidoreductases

1.98 Enzymes using H₂ as reductant (deleted subclass)

1.99 Other enzymes using O₂ as oxidant (deleted subclass)

4.1 Carbon-carbon lyases

4.1.1 Carboxy-lyases

4.1.1.1 pyruvate decarboxylase

4.1.1.2 oxalate decarboxylase

4.1.1.3 oxaloacetate decarboxylase

4.1.1.4 acetoacetate decarboxylase

4.1.1.5 acetolactate decarboxylase

4.1.1.6 cis-aconitate decarboxylase

4.1.1.7 benzoylformate decarboxylase

4.1.1.8 oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase

4.1.1.9 malonyl-CoA decarboxylase

4.1.1.10 created 1961, deleted 1972

4.1.1.11 aspartate 1-decarboxylase

4.1.1.12 aspartate 4-decarboxylase

4.1.1.13 created 1961, deleted 1972

4.1.1.14 valine decarboxylase

4.1.1.15 glutamate decarboxylase

4.1.1.16 hydroxyglutamate decarboxylase

4.1.1.17 ornithine decarboxylase

4.1.1.18 lysine decarboxylase

4.1.1.19 arginine decarboxylase

4.1.1.20 diaminopimelate decarboxylase

4.1.1.21 phosphoribosylaminoimidazole carboxylase

4.1.1.22 histidine decarboxylase

4.1.1.23 orotidine-5′-phosphate decarboxylase

4.1.1.24 aminobenzoate decarboxylase

4.1.1.25 tyrosine decarboxylase

4.1.1.26 created 1961, deleted 1972

4.1.1.27 created 1961, deleted 1972

4.1.1.28 aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase

4.1.1.29 sulfinoalanine decarboxylase

4.1.1.30 pantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase

4.1.1.31 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

4.1.1.32 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (GTP)

4.1.1.33 diphosphomevalonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.34 dehydro-L-gulonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.35 UDP-glucuronate decarboxylase

4.1.1.36 phosphopantothenoylcysteine decarboxylase

4.1.1.37 uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase

4.1.1.38 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (diphosphate)

4.1.1.39 ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase

4.1.1.40 hydroxypyruvate decarboxylase

4.1.1.41 (S)-methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase

4.1.1.42 carnitine decarboxylase

4.1.1.43 phenylpyruvate decarboxylase

4.1.1.44 4-carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase

4.1.1.45 aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase

4.1.1.46 o-pyrocatechuate decarboxylase

4.1.1.47 tartronate-semialdehyde synthase

4.1.1.48 indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase

4.1.1.49 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (ATP)

4.1.1.50 adenosylmethionine decarboxylase

4.1.1.51 3-hydroxy-2-methylpyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate 4-decarboxylase

4.1.1.52 6-methylsalicylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.53 phenylalanine decarboxylase

4.1.1.54 dihydroxyfumarate decarboxylase

4.1.1.55 4,5-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase

4.1.1.56 3-oxolaurate decarboxylase

4.1.1.57 methionine decarboxylase

4.1.1.58 orsellinate decarboxylase

4.1.1.59 gallate decarboxylase

4.1.1.60 stipitatonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.61 4-hydroxybenzoate decarboxylase

4.1.1.62 gentisate decarboxylase

4.1.1.63 protocatechuate decarboxylase

4.1.1.64 2,2-dialkylglycine decarboxylase (pyruvate)

4.1.1.65 phosphatidylserine decarboxylase

4.1.1.66 uracil-5-carboxylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.67 UDP-galacturonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.68 5-oxopent-3-ene-1,2,5-tricarboxylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.69 3,4-dihydroxyphthalate decarboxylase

4.1.1.70 glutaconyl-CoA decarboxylase

4.1.1.71 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase

4.1.1.72 branched-chain-2-oxoacid decarboxylase

4.1.1.73 tartrate decarboxylase

4.1.1.74 indolepyruvate decarboxylase

4.1.1.75 5-guanidino-2-oxopentanoate decarboxylase

4.1.1.76 arylmalonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.77 2-oxo-3-hexenedioate decarboxylase

4.1.1.78 acetylenedicarboxylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.79 sulfopyruvate decarboxylase

4.1.1.80 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate decarboxylase

4.1.1.81 threonine-phosphate decarboxylase

4.1.1.82 phosphonopyruvate decarboxylase

4.1.1.83 4-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase

4.1.1.84 D-dopachrome decarboxylase

4.1.1.85 3-dehydro-L-gulonate-6-phosphate decarboxylase

4.1.1.86 diaminobutyrate decarboxylase

4.1.1.87 malonyl-S-ACP decarboxylase

4.1.1.88 biotin-independent malonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.89 biotin-dependent malonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.90 peptidyl-glutamate 4-carboxylase

4.1.1.91 salicylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.92 indole-3-carboxylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.93 pyrrole-2-carboxylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.94 ethylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase

4.1.1.95 L-glutamyl-[BtrI acyl-carrier protein] decarboxylase

4.1.1.96 carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase

4.1.1.97 2-oxo-4-hydroxy-4-carboxy-5-ureidoimidazoline decarboxylase

4.1.1.98 4-hydroxy-3-polyprenylbenzoate decarboxylase

4.1.1.99 phosphomevalonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.100 prephenate decarboxylase

4.1.1.101 malolactic enzyme

4.1.1.102 phenacrylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.103 γ-resorcylate decarboxylase

4.1.1.104 3-dehydro-4-phosphotetronate decarboxylase

4.1.1.105 L-tryptophan decarboxylase

4.1.1.106 fatty acid photodecarboxylase

4.1.1.107 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase

4.1.1.108 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde synthase

4.1.1.109 phenylacetaldehyde synthase

4.1.1.110 bisphosphomevalonate decarboxylase

4.1.1.111 siroheme decarboxylase

4.1.1.112 oxaloacetate decarboxylase

4.1.1.113 trans-aconitate decarboxylase

4.1.1.114 cis-3-alkyl-4-alkyloxetan-2-one decarboxylase

4.1.1.115 indoleacetate decarboxylase

4.1.1.116 D-ornithine/D-lysine decarboxylase

4.1.1.117 2-[(L-alanin-3-ylcarbamoyl)methyl]-2-hydroxybutanedioate decarboxylase

4.1.1.118 isophthalyl-CoA decarboxylase

4.1.1.119 phenylacetate decarboxylase

4.1.1.120 3-oxoisoapionate decarboxylase

4.1.1.121 3-oxoisoapionate-4-phosphate decarboxylase

4.1.1.122 L-cysteate decarboxylase

4.1.1.123 phenyl-phosphate phosphatase/carboxylase

4.1.2 Aldehyde-lyases

4.1.3 Oxo-acid-lyases

4.1.99 Other carbon-carbon lyases

4.2 Carbon-oxygen lyases

4.3 Carbon-nitrogen lyases

4.4 Carbon-sulfur lyases

4.5 Carbon-halide lyases

4.6 Phosphorus-oxygen lyases

4.7 carbon-phosphorus lyases

4.8 Nitrogen-oxygen lyases

4.98 ATP-independent chelatases

4.99 Other lyases

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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)