2.4.1.11: glycogen(starch) synthase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about glycogen(starch) synthase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 2.4.1.11
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2.4.1.11
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kinase-3
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phosphorylase
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insulin-stimulated
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hepatocytes
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alzheimer
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3-kinase
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clamp
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mellitus
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tau
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hexokinase
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neuroprotective
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hyperglycemia
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6-phosphate
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lithium
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phosphatidylinositol
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glucose-6-phosphatase
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glycogenolysis
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amylose
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disposal
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hyperphosphorylation
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insulin-resistant
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insulin-mediated
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hyperinsulinemic
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irs-1
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waxy
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glycogenesis
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amylopectin
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licl
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adp-glucose
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niddm
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glucokinase
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soleus
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glucose-6-p
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non-insulin-dependent
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insulin-induced
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amp-dependent
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vastus
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euglycemic
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phosphatase-1
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gsk-3beta
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agpase
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debranching
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p-gsk-3
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medicine
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substrate-1
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2,6-bisphosphate
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euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic
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nonoxidative
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phosvitin
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kinase-3beta
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nutrition
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lafora
- 2.4.1.11
- kinase-3
- phosphorylase
-
insulin-stimulated
- hepatocytes
- alzheimer
- 3-kinase
-
clamp
- mellitus
- tau
- hexokinase
-
neuroprotective
- hyperglycemia
- 6-phosphate
- lithium
- phosphatidylinositol
- glucose-6-phosphatase
-
glycogenolysis
- amylose
-
disposal
-
hyperphosphorylation
-
insulin-resistant
-
insulin-mediated
-
hyperinsulinemic
- irs-1
-
waxy
-
glycogenesis
- amylopectin
- licl
- adp-glucose
- niddm
- glucokinase
- soleus
-
glucose-6-p
-
non-insulin-dependent
-
insulin-induced
-
amp-dependent
-
vastus
-
euglycemic
- phosphatase-1
- gsk-3beta
- agpase
-
debranching
-
p-gsk-3
- medicine
- substrate-1
-
2,6-bisphosphate
-
euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic
-
nonoxidative
- phosvitin
- kinase-3beta
- nutrition
- lafora
Reaction
Synonyms
Cg-GYS, GBSS, GBSSI, glucosyltransferase, uridine diphosphoglucose-glycogen, glycogen synthase, glycogen synthase 2, glycogen synthase-2, glycogen synthetase (starch), granule bound starch synthase, granule-bound starch synthase, GS-I, GSN, GSY2p, Gys-2, GYS1, GYS2, Gys2p, starch synthase I, starch/glycogen synthase, TVAG_258220, UDP-glucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase, UDP-glycogen synthase, UDPG-glycogen synthetase, UDPG-glycogen transglucosylase, uridine diphosphoglucose-glycogen glucosyltransferase
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Localization
Localization on EC 2.4.1.11 - glycogen(starch) synthase
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longitudinal sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane membrane
additional information
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existence of several glycogen metabolism regulatory mechanisms based on glycogen synthase intracellular compartmentalization. After exhausting exercise, epinephrine-induced protein kinase A activation leads to glycogen synthase site 1b phosphorylation targeting the enzyme to intramyofibrillar glycogen particles, which are preferentially used during muscle contraction. When phosphorylated at sites 2 + 2a, GS is preferentially associated with subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar glycogen particles. After overnight low muscle glycogen level and/or in response to exhausting exercise-induced glycogenolysis, glycogen synthase is associated with spherical structures at the I-band of sarcomeres
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additional information
neither glycogen synthase activity nor glycogen synthase protein are present in the cytosolic fraction of subfractionated skeletal muscle obtained after an overnight fast or after 90 min of insulin infusion during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in healthy or in insulin-resistant monkeys. Glycogen synthase activity, glycogen synthase protein, and glycogen are present in all other fractions. In vivo insulin regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity does not involve changes in the subcellular localization of glycogen synthase. One mechanism by which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist treatment improves whole body insulin sensitivity is by increasing skeletal muscle GS total activity
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additional information
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neither glycogen synthase activity nor glycogen synthase protein are present in the cytosolic fraction of subfractionated skeletal muscle obtained after an overnight fast or after 90 min of insulin infusion during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp in healthy or in insulin-resistant monkeys. Glycogen synthase activity, glycogen synthase protein, and glycogen are present in all other fractions. In vivo insulin regulation of skeletal muscle glycogen synthase activity does not involve changes in the subcellular localization of glycogen synthase. One mechanism by which peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha agonist treatment improves whole body insulin sensitivity is by increasing skeletal muscle GS total activity
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additional information
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initial localization of glycogen synthase in a soluble pool plays an important role in glycogen synthesis, and that its sequestration in an insulin-resistant insoluble pool may explain in part the reduced glycogen synthesis caused by lipid oversupply
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additional information
the enzyme contains no signal peptide, putative cleavage sites, and transmembrane domain
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additional information
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the enzyme contains no signal peptide, putative cleavage sites, and transmembrane domain
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