2.7.7.48 (dT)12 + UTP assay uses poly(A) as an RNA template and oligo(dT)12-18 as the primer. Enzyme is strictly dependent on the presence of primer Hepacivirus C diphosphate + ? - ? 422202 2.7.7.48 2'-C-methyl-ATP + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 422328 2.7.7.48 5-fluorouridine triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme incorporates 5-fluorouridine monophosphate during RNA elongation in place of UMP or CMP using homopolymeric and heteropolymeric templates. Incorporation of 5-fluorouridine monophosphate does not prevent chain elongation, and, in some sequence contexts, it favors misincorporations at downstream positions. 5-Fluorouridine monophosphate is incorporated into the nascent RNA and occupies the new 3'-end of the primer at the active site of the enzyme. 5-Fluorouridine monophosphate establishes a Watson and Crick pair with the corresponding acceptor AMP in the template strand and an additional hydrogen bond with Ser304 of the polymerase. Further interactions, similar to those observed with standard nucleotides, contribute also to stabilize 5-fluorouridine monophosphate in the 3'-terminus of the RNA. When present in the template, 5-fluorouridine monophosphate directs the incorporation of AMP and GMP, with ATP being a more effective substrate than GTP. The misincorporation of GMP is 17fold faster opposite 5-fluorouridine than opposite U in the template. But Incorporated 5-fluorouridine monophosphate is not a chain terminator during RNA elongation Foot-and-mouth disease virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 RNA with incoporated 5-fluorouridine phosphate ? 408208 2.7.7.48 ara-ATP + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 455311 2.7.7.48 ATP + poly(U) - Zika virus diphosphate + ? - ? 457795 2.7.7.48 ATP + poly(U) - Zika virus MR766 diphosphate + ? - ? 457795 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Yellow fever virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - West Nile virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - influenza A virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Zika virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Zaire ebolavirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Human respiratory syncytial virus A diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Dengue virus type 3 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Tick-borne encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn RNA template with the first 25 nucleotides from the TrC (Trailer complement) sequence Respiratory syncytial virus type A diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + RNAn - Human respiratory syncytial virus A A2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 358627 2.7.7.48 ATP + sshRNAn - rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + sshRNAn+1 - ? 452395 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNA9 - Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNA10 - ? 423209 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - Yellow fever virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - West Nile virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - influenza A virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - Zika virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - Dengue virus type 3 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn - Tick-borne encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + RNAn RNA template with the first 25 nucleotides from the TrC (Trailer complement) sequence Respiratory syncytial virus type A diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358626 2.7.7.48 CTP + sshRNAn - rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + sshRNAn+1 - ? 452396 2.7.7.48 dATP + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 455539 2.7.7.48 GTP + poly(C) use of poly(C) as template annealed with oligoG12 as primer norovirus diphosphate + ? - ? 423654 2.7.7.48 GTP + poly(C) use of poly(C) as template annealed with oligoG12 as primer Murine norovirus diphosphate + ? - ? 423654 2.7.7.48 GTP + poly(C) - rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + poly(C)n+1 - ? 452398 2.7.7.48 GTP + poly(C)n - rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + poly(C)n+1 - ? 453941 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - Yellow fever virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - Qubevirus durum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - West Nile virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - influenza A virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - Zika virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - Dengue virus type 3 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn - Tick-borne encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn with poly(rC) Dengue virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + RNAn RNA template with the first 25 nucleotides from the TrC (Trailer complement) sequence Respiratory syncytial virus type A diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358625 2.7.7.48 GTP + sshRNAn - rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + sshRNAn+1 - ? 452397 2.7.7.48 additional information comparison of necrotic lesions of wild-type and chimeric mutant virusses tobacco mosaic virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information D-elp1, corresponding to the largest of the three subunits in the RNA polymerase II core elongator complex, has RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity. RdRP activity is associated with the amino terminal 96-kD fragment, DELTAC, CDS 1-2528. D-elp1 is a noncanonical RdRP that can synthesize dsRNA from different ssRNA templates using either a primer-dependent or primer-independent initiation mechanism, overview. D-elp1 associates tightly with Dcr-2 Drosophila melanogaster ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information enzyme-host membrane interactions are an initial step of FHV RNA replication complex assembly, overview Flock house virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis Dengue virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis Yellow fever virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis Japanese encephalitis virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis Saint Louis encephalitis virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis West Nile virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information pseudogene-derived antisense siRNAs can be produced in specific rice developmental stages or physiological growth conditions, suggesting their potentially important roles in normal rice development involving RDR2, or small RNAs from rice pseudogenes might also function as natural antisense siRNAs either by interacting with the complementary sense RNAs from functional parental genes or by forming double-strand RNAs with transcripts of adjacent paralogous pseudogenes, function classification of rice pseudogenes, overview Oryza sativa ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information systemic necrotic spotting induced by ORMV in tobacco maps to the RdRp polymerase domain, comparison of necrotic lesions of wild-type and chimeric mutant virusses Chinese Rape Mosaic Virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the enzyme consists of the phosphoprotein and the large protein, that are both essential for viral synthesis Measles morbillivirus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the enzyme consists of the phosphoprotein and the large protein, that are both essential for viral synthesis Human respirovirus 3 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the enzyme consists of the phosphoprotein and the large protein, that are both essential for viral synthesis Mumps orthorubulavirus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the enzyme consists of the phosphoprotein and the large protein, that are both essential for viral synthesis Respiratory syncytial virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the enzyme consists of the phosphoprotein and the large protein, that are both essential for viral synthesis Nipah henipavirus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the enzyme consists of the phosphoprotein and the large protein, that are both essential for viral synthesis Hendra henipavirus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the initiation of FMDV RNA synthesis is strongly inhibited by 5-fluorouridine triphosphate, and it is also an inhibitor of FMDV RNA elongation, overview Foot-and-mouth disease virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the RNA polymerase complex consists of three subunits, PB1, PB2, and PA. These polymerase subunits and nucleoprotein, together with the viral RNA, form the viral ribonucleoprotein complex, which is the minimum component for viral RNA replication and transcription influenza A virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of arenaviruses is an integral part of the L protein, a 200-kDa multifunctional and multidomain protein, structure and function of the Lassa virus RdRp domain, folding model of thedomain, overview Lassa mammarenavirus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information The single-stranded RNA genomes of the plus-stranded RNA viruses serve as templates for translation of viral proteins and perform other essential functions that generally involve local RNA structures, such as RNA hairpins. Viral RNA replication also requires a long-range RNA-RNA interaction tomato bushy stunt virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information construction of a Coxsackie virus B3-specific GFP siRNA pool Cystovirus phi6 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity Dengue virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity Yellow fever virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity Japanese encephalitis virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity Saint Louis encephalitis virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity West Nile virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information In silico template RNA modelling, overview Cystovirus phi6 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information residues K1127, R1134, E1135, L1136, D1140, and K1144, D1193, G1298, S1333, D1334, D1335, and K1376 from different subunits might be involved in catalysis Lassa mammarenavirus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the enzyme translates in vitro rapidly. It specifically associates with mitochondria isolated from yeast, insect, and mammalian cells, temperature-dependently but independent of protease-sensitive mitochondrial outer membrane components or the host mitochondrial import machinery. The enzyme preferentially binds to specific anionic phospholipids, in particular the mitochondrion-specific phospholipid cardiolipin Flock house virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the heterotrimeric complex of PB1, PB2 and PA subunits cooperate in the transcription and replication of the viral genome, the N-terminal region of the PA subunit of two recent H5N1 strains can influence promoter binding and RNA polymerase activity as well as virulence of the strains, overview influenza A virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the polymerase protein also harbors an intrinsic RNA and DNA endonuclease activity that cleaves host mRNAs during cap-snatching, inhibited by 2,4-dioxo-4-phenylbutanoic and activated by Mn2+, with the amino-terminal 209 residues of the PA subunit containing the endonuclease active site, structure-function analysis, overview influenza A virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the RdRp catalyzes all the biochemical reactions of influenza virus transcription and replication in vitro, dinucleotide ApG and globin mRNA-primed transcription, de novo initiation/replication, and polyadenylation influenza A virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the viral enzyme binds to its coding region RNA stem-loop structure, 5BSL3.2, and its negative strand, enzyme and RNA interaction is an important step in viral RNA replication, overview Hepacivirus C ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information enzyme shows both primer-dependent and primer-independent RNA synthesis activities using homopolymeric RNA templates. It preferentially copies homopolymeric pyrimidine RNA templates in the absence of an added oligonucleotide primer and is also able to initiate de novo RNA synthesis from the 3'-ends of both the plus- and minus-strand genome of human SARS coronavirus, using the 3'-terminal 36- and 37-nt RNA, respectively Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information cytoplasmic viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase disrupts the intracellular splicing machinery by entering the nucleus and interfering with pre-mRNA processing factor 8, Prp8. Identification of potential protein targets of EV71 3Dpol by MALDI-TOF MS analysis, overview Enterovirus A71 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information flaviviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases initiate replication of the single-stranded RNA genome in the absence of a primer. The template sequence 5'-CU-3' at the 3'-end of the flaviviral genome is highly conserved. Flaviviral RdRps require high concentrations of the second incoming nucleotide GTP to catalyze de novo template-dependent RNA synthesis. the conserved motif F of jRdRp occupies multiple conformations in absence of GTP. Motif F becomes ordered on GTP binding and occludes the nucleotide triphosphate entry tunnel Japanese encephalitis virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information Potato spindle tuber viroid replication in the nucleoplasm generates (-)-PSTVd intermediates and (+)-PSTVd copies. The Nicotiana benthamiana canonical 9-zinc finger (ZF) transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA-9ZF) as well as its variant TFIIIA-7ZF both interact with (+)-PSTVd, but only TFIIIA-7ZF interacts with (-)-PSTVd. TFIIIA-7ZF is found in the nucleoplasm and nucleolus, in contrast to the strictly nucleolar localization of TFIIIA-9ZF. The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II interacts with the (+)- and (2)-PSTVd RNA in vivo Potato spindle tuber viroid ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information RHDV polyprotein cleavage product p58 is an active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, that has no DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information RNA polymerase II (PolII) acts as an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to extend and destabilize a non-coding RNA. Pol II extends B2 RNA by 18 nt on its 3'-end in an internally templated reaction. The RNA product resulting from extension of B2 RNA by the Pol II RdRP can be removed from Pol II by a factor present in nuclear extracts Homo sapiens ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the C-terminal fragment can interact with the viral nucleocapsid protein, the N-terminal 50 amino acids of nucleocapsid protein are responsible for the NP-RdRp interaction Rice stripe tenuivirus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information ATP and GTP enzyme binding structures, detailed overview. The triphosphate moiety of GTP interacts with the side chains of basic residues from motif F (R460, K463, K471 and R474) and from motif E (R734 and R742) Japanese encephalitis virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information in vitro, protein nsp9 of equine arteritis virus shows weak de novo polymerase activity on homopolymeric RNA templates. The RNA-synthesizing activities observed in de novo and primer-dependent polymerase and terminal transferase assays cannot be attributed to recombinant EAV nsp9-RdRp. The polymerase assay employing 32P-labeled NTPs is sensitive enough to detect the activity of trace amounts of contaminating T7 RNA polymerase. This polymerase is also able to act on templates lacking the established T7 promoter requirements equine arteritis virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information interaction of EV71 3Dpol and the nuclear protein U5 snRNPs. ENzyme 3Dpol enters the cellular nucleus and colocalizes with pre-mRNA processing factor 8, Prp8, 3Dpol associates with the C-terminal domain of Prp8 containing the Jab1/MPN region. RIP-seq of the pre-mRNA are trapped by the Prp8-3Dpol complexes Enterovirus A71 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information introns called mirtrons and sirtrons might serve as the single-stranded RNA precursors for the generation of microRNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively, through an RDR (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase)-dependent pathway. sRNA high-throughput sequencing in wild-type and RDR-deficient mutant plants, overview Arabidopsis thaliana ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information presence of motif G is important for primer-dependent RNA synthesis but not to affect the binding of the enzyme to the template Hepacivirus C ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information template ssRNA accesses the active site through a tunnel. The phi12 P2 conformation does not favor RNA binding Pseudomonas phage phi12 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the central polymerase domain (PD) shows nucleotide binding properties, but neither the N-terminal domain (NTD) nor the C-terminal domain (CTD). Isolated PD does not exhibit RdRp activity but this activity can be reconstituted when all three domains are included in the reaction mixture. Molecular dynamics simulation suggests that the isolated PD has increased internal motions in comparison to when it is associated with the NTD and CTD. The motions of the separated PD may lead to the formation of a less accessible RNA template-binding channel and, thus, impair RdRp activity Antheraea mylitta cypovirus 4 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the conservative lysine residue K359 in motif D is a dynamic element whose position inside the polymerase molecule may determine the velocity of the enzymatic reaction Enterovirus C ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the conservative lysine residue K369 in motif D is a dynamic element whose position inside the polymerase molecule may determine the velocity of the enzymatic reaction Foot-and-mouth disease virus ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the conservative lysine residue K369 in motif D is a dynamic element whose position inside the polymerase molecule may determine the velocity of the enzymatic reaction Birnaviridae ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information viral RdRP elongation nucleotide addition cycle (NAC), structure-function analysis, overview Enterovirus A71 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis Japanese encephalitis virus JEV ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity Japanese encephalitis virus JEV ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the polymerase protein also harbors an intrinsic RNA and DNA endonuclease activity that cleaves host mRNAs during cap-snatching, inhibited by 2,4-dioxo-4-phenylbutanoic and activated by Mn2+, with the amino-terminal 209 residues of the PA subunit containing the endonuclease active site, structure-function analysis, overview influenza A virus Victoria/3/1975 H3N2 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information flaviviral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases initiate replication of the single-stranded RNA genome in the absence of a primer. The template sequence 5'-CU-3' at the 3'-end of the flaviviral genome is highly conserved. Flaviviral RdRps require high concentrations of the second incoming nucleotide GTP to catalyze de novo template-dependent RNA synthesis. the conserved motif F of jRdRp occupies multiple conformations in absence of GTP. Motif F becomes ordered on GTP binding and occludes the nucleotide triphosphate entry tunnel Japanese encephalitis virus P20778 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information ATP and GTP enzyme binding structures, detailed overview. The triphosphate moiety of GTP interacts with the side chains of basic residues from motif F (R460, K463, K471 and R474) and from motif E (R734 and R742) Japanese encephalitis virus P20778 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis Saint Louis encephalitis virus SLEV ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity Saint Louis encephalitis virus SLEV ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information introns called mirtrons and sirtrons might serve as the single-stranded RNA precursors for the generation of microRNA and small interfering RNA (siRNA), respectively, through an RDR (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase)-dependent pathway. sRNA high-throughput sequencing in wild-type and RDR-deficient mutant plants, overview Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information the viral enzyme binds to its coding region RNA stem-loop structure, 5BSL3.2, and its negative strand, enzyme and RNA interaction is an important step in viral RNA replication, overview Hepacivirus C NS5B ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information cytoplasmic viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase disrupts the intracellular splicing machinery by entering the nucleus and interfering with pre-mRNA processing factor 8, Prp8. Identification of potential protein targets of EV71 3Dpol by MALDI-TOF MS analysis, overview Enterovirus A71 40 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information interaction of EV71 3Dpol and the nuclear protein U5 snRNPs. ENzyme 3Dpol enters the cellular nucleus and colocalizes with pre-mRNA processing factor 8, Prp8, 3Dpol associates with the C-terminal domain of Prp8 containing the Jab1/MPN region. RIP-seq of the pre-mRNA are trapped by the Prp8-3Dpol complexes Enterovirus A71 40 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis Dengue virus DENV ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity Dengue virus DENV ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information NS5 is the largest and the most conserved of the flavivirus proteins. It contains an N-terminal methyl transferase domain and a C-terminal RdRp domain. The main enzymatic activity observed in extracts of infected cells with endogenous templates is the elongation of already initiated RNA synthesis West Nile virus WNV ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information formation of an RNA-RNA complex between the 5' and 3' terminal nucleotides of the viral genome is necessary for polymerase activity, template specificity for a flavivirus RdRp, analysis and mechanism, overview. Viral protein NS5 has the ability to bind RNA with high affinity West Nile virus WNV ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 additional information RHDV polyprotein cleavage product p58 is an active RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, that has no DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus V-351 ? - ? 89 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Neurospora crassa diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Nicotiana tabacum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Arabidopsis thaliana diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Caenorhabditis elegans diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Solanum lycopersicum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Gossypium hirsutum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Oryza sativa diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Vigna unguiculata diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Foot-and-mouth disease virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Dengue virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - influenza C virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - unidentified influenza virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Enterovirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - bamboo mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Qubevirus durum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Cucumber mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Cowpea mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Influenza virus A/PR8 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Foxtail mosaic potexvirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Murine hepatitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - rhinovirus A2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - West Nile virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Maize dwarf mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Enterobacteria phage GA diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Measles morbillivirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - La France isometric virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Classical swine fever virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Cystovirus phi6 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Dictyostelium discoideum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Giardia intestinalis diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Diaporthe perjuncta diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Diaporthe ambigua diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Phomopsis sp. diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Schizosaccharomyces pombe diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Infectious bursal disease virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - influenza A virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Dengue virus type 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Norwalk virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Coxsackievirus B3 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Zika virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Enterovirus A71 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Transmissible gastroenteritis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - tomato bushy stunt virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Enterovirus D68 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - infectious pancreatic necrosis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Pseudomonas phage phi12 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Solanum tuberosum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Antheraea mylitta cypovirus 4 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Murine norovirus 1 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Grapevine fanleaf virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn incorporation is more dependent on exogenopus UTP and GTP than ATP or CTP Kunjin virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn in presence of Mg2+ significant activity is observed when poly(A) or poly(C) is used as template and the activity is template and primer-dependent. Poly(G) and poly(U) templates are not efficient substrates. Biotinylated oligoDNA primers appear to work slightly more efficiently than oligoRNA primers. In presence of Mn2+ activity is stimulated 2.5-5.6fold. RNA synthesis using poly(C) as template becomes primer-independent rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn full-length negative strand BBV RNAs are synthesized black beetle virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme is active in an in vitro RNA polymerase assay using homopolymeric RNA or BVDV minigenomic RNA templates. The major product is a covalently linked double-stranded molecule. In addition, a nucleotide-nonspecific and template-independent terminal nucleotidyl transferase activity is observed Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn polyC/oligoG is more efficient in supporting the HCV NS5B polymerase activity than polyA/oligodT. PolyA/oligoU or polyI/oligodC Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme does not manifest strict specificity towards EMC RNA template. It can use also Qbeta RNA, rRNA of BHK cells or poly(C) Encephalomyocarditis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn poly(A)-dependent oligo(U)-primed poly(U) polymerase activity. In the presence of an oligo(U) primer, the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of a full-length copy of either poliovirus or globin RNA templates. In the absence of added primer, RNA products up to twice the length of the template are synthesized Enterovirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the polymerase product anneals only to measles RNA and not to Vero cell RNA Measles morbillivirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme catalyzes in vitro the transcription of short single-stranded RNA and DNA molecules into precise complementary RNA copies up to the full length of these templates. The transcription of RNA-oligonicleotide templates and DNA-oligonucleotide templates is equally effective. Differences in transcription efficiency are found to depend on nucleotide sequence rather than on the RNA or DNA nature of the single-stranded nucleic acid. Double-stranded nucleic acids such as poly(A)*poly(U) and a double-stranded DNA 14-mer are not transcribed. The RdRP-directed transcription can be primed. The unprimed transcription starts preferentially at the 3'-terminal nucleotide of the template. The enzyme is capable of adding a single noncomplementary nucleotide to the 3'-terminus of about 50% of the runoff transcripts. AMP is preferred over GMP whereas CMP and UMP are terminally added at very low frequency Solanum lycopersicum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme is completely dependent on exogenous template. The enzyme utilizes a variety of viral RNAs and CMV satellite RNA as template for minus-strand synthesis. Cellular RNAs are not used as templates Cucumber mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn when the nucleotide concentrations are low, C is incorporated at the fastest rate and G at the slowest. G-incorporation step largely limits the overall reaction rate Qubevirus durum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme performs RNA- or DNA oligonucleotide primer-dependent RNA synthesis on templates with a blocked 3' end or on homopolymeric templates Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme copies CMV RNA and several other viral RNAs, Brome mosaic virus RNA, Alfalfa mosaic virus RNA and Tobacco mosaic virus RNA. Activity with poly(C) and poly(U) but not poly(A) or poly(G). The product with CMV RNA as template is heterogenous in size with a peak length of about 150 residues Cucumber mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn ribonucleotide-incorporating activity on an in vitro transcribed RNA containing the 3' end of the HCV genome. It also possesses ribunucleotide incorporation activity, to a lesser extent, on in vitro transcribed foreign RNA templates when RNA or DNA primers are present. The activity is higher with DNA primers than with RNA primers Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn dependent on and specific for BMV RNA Brome mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn RNAs of Brome mosaic virus and the closely related cowpea Chlorotic mottle virus are the most effective, but some activity is also shown by certain other viral nucleic acids and polyribonucleotides Brome mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn synthesis of RNA in response to RNA template. An RNA primer can substitute for GTP to allow initiation. Mn2+ might reduce the template specificity by forming a complex with GTP that is more efficiently incorporated than is Mg*GTP with unfavored template Qubevirus durum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the random polymers poly(UG), poly(UC), poly(AG) and poly(AU) serve as more effective templates than homopolymers Nicotiana tabacum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme is able to synthesize or finish full-length TNV-RNA on an endogenous template, the minus strand of TNV-RNA unidentified tobacco necrosis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn ATP, the enzyme requires a single-stranded molecule of RNA or polyribonucleotide as template, initiates new chains with purine ribonucleoside triphosphates Halobacterium salinarum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn in addition to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity the enzyme also possesses cap-snatching capacity Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme synthesizes single-stranded RNA transcripts of one polarity which are identical in size to the denatured parental double-stranded RNA segments Bovine rotavirus strain NCDV/G6 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme synthesizes single-stranded RNA transcripts of one polarity which are identical in size to the denatured parental double-stranded RNA segments Simian rotavirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity uses poly(C) most efficiently as a template but is inactive on poly(U) and poly(G). The enzyme is able to copy a full-length or nearly full-length genome in the absence of additional viral or cellular cofactors. Poly(C)-oligo(G)12 is the most efficient substrate Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn once synthesis has begun, the C-terminally truncated enzyme NS5B(DELTA21) does not dissociate from the template until a complete double strand copy of the RNA is made Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn GTP + CMV RNA, yeast RNA or poly(C) Cucumber mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn RNA polymerase activity on homopolymeric templates poly(A) and poly(C) and heteropolymeric RNA templates primed with either RNA or DNA oligonucleotide primers or self-primed by a copy-back mechanism rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn GTP and polyC Qubevirus durum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn inducible enzyme Gossypium hirsutum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn composed of one phage-coded polypeptide and three host-supplied polypeptides which function in the biosynthesis of proteins in the uninfected host. Two of theses polypeptides, protein elongation factors EF-Tu and EF-Ts, are required for initiation of transcription by replicase with all templates Qubevirus durum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn replication of Hepatitits C virus is thought to proceed via the initial synthesis of a complementary (-)RNA strand, which serves, in turn, as a template for the production of progeny (+)-strand RNA molecules. An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is postulated to be involved in these steps Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme should be involved in the replication of BaMV bamboo mosaic virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme is probably a transcriptase engaged in the synthesis of ssRNA transcripts corresponding to each of the virion-associated dsRNAs La France isometric virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn required for replication of the HRV RNA genome rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn essential catalytic enzyme for HCV replication. NS5A binds RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and modulates RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme catalyzes cap methylation of virus-specific mRNA as well as RNA synthesis Murine respirovirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn both 5'- and 3'-terminal regions of the (+)-strand RNA template including the wild type cyclization motifs are important for RNA synthesis. However, the 3'-terminal region of the (-)-strand RNA template alone is sufficient for RNA synthesis. The (+)-strand 5'-cyclization motif is critical for (-)-strand RNA synthesis but neither the (-)-strand 5'- nor 3'-cyclization motif is important for the (+)-strand RNA synthesis. Cyclization of the viral RNA play a role for (-)-strand RNA synthesis but not for (+)-strand RNA synthesis West Nile virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn kinetic mechanism for single nucleotide incorporation catalyzed by poliovirus polymerase in presence of Mg2+ Enterovirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - r 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the polymerase structure is switchable, with a discrete set of contacts stabilizing the initiation-competent form of the enzyme so that relatively modest changes can have-range effects, controlling the switch from the initiation to elongation phase, with premature conformational switching producing a structure that preferentially initiates by back-priming Cystovirus phi6 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn viral ribonucleoprotein complexes and purified recombinant L protein but not P protein exhibit mRNA (guanine-7-)methyl-transferase activity. mRNA synthesis in a reconstituted transcription system using purified N protein-genomic RNA complex as a template requires both the L and P proteins. Enzymatic properties of Senda virus mRNA (guanine-7-)methyl-transferase are different to that of cellular mRNA (guanine-7-)methyl-transferase. Unlike cellular enzyme, the SeV enzyme preferentially methylates capped RNA containing the viral mRNA 5'-end sequences (GpppApGpG-). The C-terminal part (amino acid residues 1,756–2,228) of the L protein catalyzes cap methylation, whereas the N-terminal half (residues 1–1,120) containing putative RNA polymerase subdomains does not Murine respirovirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn JEV NS5 protein can initiate RNA synthesis through a de novo initiation mechanism. JEV NS5 protein is more efficient in using negative-strand RNA templates, indicating that the JEV NS5 protein is involved in regulating the ratio of positive strand RNA to negative strand RNA Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn key enzyme of replication Sapovirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn NS5B RdRp is essential for viral replication Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn nsP4 possesses the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity required for the replication of the SIN genome and transcription of a subgenomic mRNA during infection Sindbis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn Qbeta replicase is an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase responsible for replicating the RNA genome of coliphage Qbeta and plays a key role in the life cycle of the Qbeta phage Qubevirus durum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn homopolymer C as the template and biotinoligo(G)20 as the primer Dengue virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn in a synthetic RNA template-dependent reaction, sapovirus 3Dpol synthesizes a double-stranded RNA or labels the template 3' terminus by terminal transferase activity. Initiation of RNA synthesis occurs de novo on heteropolymeric templates or in a primer dependent manner on polyadenylated templates Sapovirus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn in the absence of other viral proteins nsP4 is capable of copying SIN plus- and minus-strand templates, but does not transcribe subgenomic RNA. Mutations in the 3' conserved sequence element and poly(A) tail of the plus-strand template prevent nsP4-mediated de novo initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis. nsP4-dependent terminal addition of nucleotides occurs on template RNA possessing certain mutations in the 3' conserved sequence element and polyadenylate tail. nsP4 is capable of minus-strand synthesis independent of the sequence at the 5' end of the template. An A-U rich sequence in the 3' conserved sequence element represents a binding site for a replicase component. Probably nsP4 plus-strand genomic RNA synthesis is dependent on the 3' end of the minus-strand template Sindbis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn JEV NS5 protein can initiate RNA synthesis through a de novo initiation mechanism. JEV NS5 protein is more efficient in using negative-strand RNA templates Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn kinetic model for the RNA replication reaction Qubevirus durum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn NV 3Dpol yields two different products when incubated with synthetic RNA in vitro: (1) a double-stranded RNA consisting of two single strands of opposite polarity or (2) the single-stranded RNA template labelled at its 39 terminus by terminal transferase activity. Initiation of RNA synthesis by NV 3Dpol on heteromeric RNA template occurs de novo Norovirus Hu/NLV/Dresden174/pUS-NorII/1997/GE diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn RdRP incorporation of incorrect nucleosides is inefficient, making precise determination of kinetic parameters experimentally challenging. The fidelity for poliovirus polymerase 3Dpol ranges from 12000 to 1000000 for transition mutations and 32000 to 43000000 for transversion mutations Enterovirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the NS5 protein is able to use both plus- and minus-strand 3'-untranslated regions of the JEV genome as templates in the absence of a primer, with the latter RNA being a better template. Analysis of the RNA synthesis initiation site using the 3'-end 83 nucleotides of the JEV genome as a minimal RNA template reveals that the NS5 protein specifically initiates RNA synthesis from an internal site, U81, at the two nucleotides upstream of the 3'-end of the template Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn poly(A) RNA template Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn poly(C) RNA template Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn uses JEV and dengue-2 virus 3' end plus- and minus-strand RNA templates, the incorporation of [32P]-UMP is much lower when using positive-strand RNA as template than when using negative-strand RNA - an almost 10fold difference in efficiency Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn using homopolymer C as the template Dengue virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn using poly(rA)/(dT)15 as a template-primer system Coxsackievirus B3 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn VPg (a peptide comprising the 3B region of protein 3AB) is the 22-residue soluble product of 3AB cleavage and serves as the protein primer for RNA replication Enterovirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn key step in the reproduction of plus-stranded RNA viruses pathogens is replication of their single-stranded RNA genomes occuring in the cytosol of host cells in association with membranes and requiring a virally-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase tomato bushy stunt virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn template is RNA, the phi6 polymerase is highly processive and can use either single- or double-stranded RNA as a template and synthesizes a full-length complementary strand of an RNA Cystovirus phi6 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn in vitro transcription using the model RNA template, v84 influenza A virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn nculeotides are GTP, CTP, ATP, and UTP, the RNA templates for the enzyme assay are transcribed from linearized murine inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS, clone having 400 nt insert in an in vitro transcription reaction using SP6 RNA polymerase Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn NTPs are ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP, roles of the negatively charged plough area on the polymerase surface, of the rim of the template tunnel and of the template specificity pocket that is key in the formation of the productive RNA-polymerase binary complex. The positively charged rim of the template tunnel has a significant role in the engagement of highly structured ssRNA molecules, whereas specific interactions further down in the template tunnel promote ssRNA entry to the catalytic site Cystovirus phi6 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn purified recombinant FMDV 3D is active in polymerization assays using homopolymeric and heteropolymeric primer templates and in binding to RNA Foot-and-mouth disease virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn substrate is HP1 RNA Enterovirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn various RNA substrates: Alu RNA, 110 nucleotides of the Alu domain of Pyrococcus horikoshii SRP RNA, Candida albicans tRNAAsn, U-rich RNA (59-GGCCAUCCUGU7 CCCU11CU19-39)29, ph-RNA of 81 nucleotides30, and short ph-RNA of 36 nucleotides comprising just the conserved 3' and 5' ends with a short linker and circular single stranded DNA influenza A virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn enzyme initiates RNA synthesis in a primer- and poly(A)-dependent manner in vitro Ectropis obliqua picorna-like virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 product is double-stranded RNA ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn B2 RNA is a substrate for RNA dependent RNA polymerization by Pol II Homo sapiens diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn B2 RNA is a substrate for RNA dependent RNA polymerization by Pol II. Extension of B2 RNA by Pol II occurs from the 3'-end and is internally templated and requires all four NTPs, mechanism, overview. No activity with B2 RNA mutated at C155 to G Homo sapiens diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn primer-free initiation assay with 13-nt RNA template, and ATP, CTP, FAM-UTP, and GTP, and additionally with a primer (5'-GUUCACACAGAUAAACUUCU-3') with a 6-FAM-labeled at the 5'-end in the primer extension assay Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn replication occurs through de novo initiation and involves a complementary RNA intermediate influenza C virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview Foot-and-mouth disease virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview Hepacivirus C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview Infectious bursal disease virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview Norwalk virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview Enterovirus A71 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview infectious pancreatic necrosis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn essential enzyme for viral RNA replication Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn key enzyme responsible for the SARS-CoV-2 replication process, catalyzes the synthesis of complementary minus strand RNA and genomic plus strand RNA. Identification of potential key agents for targeting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2 by integrated analysis and virtual drug screening Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is a key enzyme which regulates the viral replication of SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme (RdRP) is essential for both transcription and replication of the viral RNA genome Respiratory syncytial virus type A diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme plas a key role in the replication of SARS-CoV-2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the enzyme plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 replication Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn the nsp12 (RdRp) is a central component of SARS-CoV-2 replication/transcription machinery. It catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary RNA strand using the virus RNA template with the assistance of nsp7 and nsp8 as cofactors Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn catalysis and translocation are uncoupled in the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. A motif B loop may assist the movement of the template strand in late stages of transcription Enterovirus A71 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn cryo-EM structures of the SARS-CoV-2 RNA polymerase in complexes with RNA, before and after RNA translocation, reveals structural rearrangements that the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nsp12 and its co-factors (nsp7 and nsp8) undergo to accommodate nucleic acid binding Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn DNA can serve as a template for ZIKV NS5 with an efficiency similar to that of an RNA template. The enzyme (NS5) can utilize single-stranded DNA but not double-stranded DNA as a template or a primer to synthesize RNA. Both full-length NS5 and a truncated NS5 containing the polymerase domain can carry out in vitro RNA-dependent RNA synthesis Zika virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn SARS-CoV-2 core polymerase complex has less efficient activity for RNA synthesis and lower thermostability of individual subunits compared with SARSCoV Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Foot-and-mouth disease virus C-S8c1 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview Foot-and-mouth disease virus C-S8c1 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn synthesis of RNA in response to RNA template. An RNA primer can substitute for GTP to allow initiation. Mn2+ might reduce the template specificity by forming a complex with GTP that is more efficiently incorporated than is Mg*GTP with unfavored template Qubevirus durum Qbetaam12 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn GTP and polyC Qubevirus durum Qbetaam12 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn using poly(rA)/(dT)15 as a template-primer system Coxsackievirus B3 Nancy diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Dictyostelium discoideum AX2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Infectious bursal disease virus VP1 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview Infectious bursal disease virus VP1 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn JEV NS5 protein can initiate RNA synthesis through a de novo initiation mechanism. JEV NS5 protein is more efficient in using negative-strand RNA templates, indicating that the JEV NS5 protein is involved in regulating the ratio of positive strand RNA to negative strand RNA Japanese encephalitis virus JaOH0566 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn JEV NS5 protein can initiate RNA synthesis through a de novo initiation mechanism. JEV NS5 protein is more efficient in using negative-strand RNA templates Japanese encephalitis virus JaOH0566 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn uses JEV and dengue-2 virus 3' end plus- and minus-strand RNA templates, the incorporation of [32P]-UMP is much lower when using positive-strand RNA as template than when using negative-strand RNA - an almost 10fold difference in efficiency Japanese encephalitis virus JaOH0566 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - influenza A virus Victoria/3/1975 H3N2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn various RNA substrates: Alu RNA, 110 nucleotides of the Alu domain of Pyrococcus horikoshii SRP RNA, Candida albicans tRNAAsn, U-rich RNA (59-GGCCAUCCUGU7 CCCU11CU19-39)29, ph-RNA of 81 nucleotides30, and short ph-RNA of 36 nucleotides comprising just the conserved 3' and 5' ends with a short linker and circular single stranded DNA influenza A virus Victoria/3/1975 H3N2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Japanese encephalitis virus P20778 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn primer-free initiation assay with 13-nt RNA template, and ATP, CTP, FAM-UTP, and GTP, and additionally with a primer (5'-GUUCACACAGAUAAACUUCU-3') with a 6-FAM-labeled at the 5'-end in the primer extension assay Japanese encephalitis virus P20778 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn GTP and polyC Qubevirus durum QbetaamB86 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn synthesis of RNA in response to RNA template. An RNA primer can substitute for GTP to allow initiation. Mn2+ might reduce the template specificity by forming a complex with GTP that is more efficiently incorporated than is Mg*GTP with unfavored template Qubevirus durum QbetaamB86 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Measles morbillivirus Alaska diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn in addition to RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity the enzyme also possesses cap-snatching capacity Rice hoja blanca tenuivirus RHBV diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Hepacivirus C NS5B diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn rNTP substrate binding structure, multistep model of nucleotide incorporation, overview Hepacivirus C NS5B diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn incorporation is more dependent on exogenopus UTP and GTP than ATP or CTP Kunjin virus MRM61C diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 nucleoside triphosphate + RNAn - Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus V-351 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358599 2.7.7.48 remdesivir triphosphate + RNAn - Zaire ebolavirus diphosphate + RNAn 3'-remdesivir - ir 456313 2.7.7.48 remdesivir triphosphate + RNAn - Human respiratory syncytial virus A diphosphate + RNAn 3'-remdesivir - ir 456313 2.7.7.48 remdesivir triphosphate + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn 3'-remdesivir - ir 456313 2.7.7.48 remdesivir triphosphate + RNAn - Human respiratory syncytial virus A A2 diphosphate + RNAn 3'-remdesivir - ir 456313 2.7.7.48 remdesivir triphosphate + RNAn remdesivir triphosphate is effective in combating COVID-19 because it is a better substrate than ATP for the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 458197 2.7.7.48 rGTP + RNAn - Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 437870 2.7.7.48 rGTP + RNAn - Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus V-351 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 437870 2.7.7.48 ribavirin triphosphate + RNAn ribavirin is a guanosine analogue that can be a substrate for the viral RNA polymerase. HCV is genetically variable, and this genetic variation can affect the polymerase's use of ribavirin triphosphate, overview Hepacivirus C ? - ? 410168 2.7.7.48 UTP + poly(A)n - rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + poly(A)n+1 - ? 452399 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - Solanum lycopersicum diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - Yellow fever virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - black beetle virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - West Nile virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - Japanese encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - influenza A virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - Zika virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ir 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - Dengue virus type 3 diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn - Tick-borne encephalitis virus diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + RNAn RNA template with the first 25 nucleotides from the TrC (Trailer complement) sequence Respiratory syncytial virus type A diphosphate + RNAn+1 - ? 358624 2.7.7.48 UTP + sshRNAn - rhinovirus A16 diphosphate + sshRNAn+1 - ? 452400