1.17.1.3 evolution enzyme LAR is related to members of the reductase-epimerase-dehydrogenase protein superfamily 746103 1.17.1.3 evolution enzyme LAR3 belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase protein family 746116 1.17.1.3 evolution phylogenetic analysis of the LAR family, overview 746163 1.17.1.3 evolution phylogenetic analysis of the LAR family, overview. The dicotyledonous LARs can be clustered into two subgroups, which are defined as cluster I and cluster II 746163 1.17.1.3 malfunction ectopic expression of PtrLAR1 in poplar positively regulates the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidin, whereas the accumulation of anthocyanin and flavonol is significantly reduced in all transgenic plants compared to the control plants 726337 1.17.1.3 malfunction overexpression of CsLAR causes a decrease in the proanthocyanidins in transgenic plants 746163 1.17.1.3 malfunction overexpression of PtrLAR3 in Chinese white poplar (Populus tomentosa Carr.) leads to a significant plant-wide increase in proanthocyanidin levels. In vitro assays show that crude leaf extracts from 35S:PtrLAR3 transformants are able to inhibit significantly the hyphal growth of Marssonina brunnea f.sp.multigerm tubi compared to the extracts from control plants. The transgenic 35S:PtrLAR3 poplar plants display a significant reduction in their disease symptoms compared with the control 728054 1.17.1.3 malfunction transgenic tobacco overexpressing TcLAR have decreased amounts of anthocyanidins and increased proanthocyanidins. Overexpressing TcLAR in Arabidopsis ldox mutant also results in elevated synthesis of not only catechin but also epicatechin 727256 1.17.1.3 metabolism flavan-3-ols are synthesized through the flavonoid pathway via leucoanthocyanidin and anthocyanidin. Leucoanthocyanidin can be converted to (+)-flavan-3-ol, e.g. (+)-catechin, by leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) or to anthocyanidin by anthocyanidin synthase (ANS) -, 745869 1.17.1.3 metabolism leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase are involved in biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins or condensed tannins by producing (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin, respectively, from leukoanthocyanidin 716027 1.17.1.3 metabolism leucoanthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple -, 744993 1.17.1.3 metabolism the enzyme is important in biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) such as catechin and epicatechin, the proanthocyanidin pathway exists as ametabolic channel associated with cellular membranes 746499 1.17.1.3 metabolism the enzyme is involved in the flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77) catalyze the formation of catechins and epicatechins from leucoanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins, respectively, overview 743899 1.17.1.3 metabolism the enzyme is involved in the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by forming (+)-catechin, which polymerizes to proanthocyanidins, overview 745634 1.17.1.3 additional information flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview -, 744993 1.17.1.3 additional information FtLAR had specific amino acid motifs of ICCN and THD 746499 1.17.1.3 additional information leucoanthocyanidin reductase and anthocyanidin reductase are co-regulated by abscisic acid, overview 716027 1.17.1.3 additional information molecular modelling and molecular docking of epicatechin-cysteine to MtLAR, based on the crystal structure of Vitis vinifera LAR -, 745869 1.17.1.3 physiological function leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR), together with anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77), plays an important role in the monomeric units biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) such as catechin and epicatechin in several plants. ANR and LAR levels in tartary buckwheat might be regulated by different mechanisms for catechin and epicatechin biosynthesis under light and dark conditions. The catechin content is correlated with color pigment in roots 746499 1.17.1.3 physiological function leucoanthocyanidin reductase catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of 2R,3S,4S-flavan-3,4-diols into 2R,3S-flavan-3-ols, a subfamily of flavonoids that is important for plant survival and for human nutrition 715907 1.17.1.3 physiological function leucoanthocyanidin reductase converts leucoanthocyanidin to (+)-catechin, a precursor of proanthocyanidins abundant in Japanese persimmon fruits -, 714393 1.17.1.3 physiological function role for leucoanthocyanidin reductase in the extension of proanthocyanidins. Monomeric flavan-3-ols do not dimerize in autopolymerization assays, whereas procyanidin B2 oligomerizes, either alone or with monomeric flavan-3-ols, suggesting that formation of epicatechin carbocation is a crucial step for proanthocyanidin assembly -, 745869 1.17.1.3 physiological function the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of (+)-catechin, a flavan-3-ol that is a precursor of the proanthcyanidins from leucoanthocyanidin. Presence of two PaLAR3 allelic lineages in Picea abies. Higher resistance to Heterobasidion annosum s.l., a pathogenic basidiomycete species complex, is associated with the newly detected allele, which is found in low frequency in the four Picea abies populations. Norway spruce plants carrying at least one copy of the newly detected allele show a significant reduction in fungal growth in sapwood (FGS) after inoculation with Heterobasidion parviporum compared to their half-siblings carrying no copies, indicating dominance of this allele. The amount of (+)-catechin, the enzymatic product of PaLAR3, is significantly higher in bark of trees homozygous for the secod allele. Regulation of gene expression is responsible for effects in resistance, possibly caused by differences in cis-acting elements that are observed in the promoter region of the two alleles. PaLAR3A and PaLAR3B show similar enzymatic activity. Constitutive bark (+)-catechin content is higher in PaLAR3B homozygotes 746116 1.17.1.3 physiological function the enzyme converts leucoanthocyanidins into nonalloylated catechins. The majority of leaf flavan-3-ols in Shuchazao's leaves are produced from the ANR pathway 745825 1.17.1.3 physiological function the enzyme is required in the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis 746163 1.17.1.3 physiological function the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR, EC 1.3.1.77) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis -, 744993