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Literature summary extracted from

  • Salvagnin, U.; Carlin, S.; Angeli, S.; Vrhovsek, U.; Anfora, G.; Malnoy, M.; Martens, S.
    Homologous and heterologous expression of grapevine E-(beta)-caryophyllene synthase (VvGwECar2) (2016), Phytochemistry, 131, 76-83 .
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
4.2.3.57 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21, Rosetta and RIPL strains and in Arabidopsis thaliana Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.89 gene VvGwECar2, recombinant overexpression in Escherichia coli strain BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RIPL, and transgenic recombinant overexpression under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter n the cytoplasm of Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Col-0 and Vitis vinifera. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the stable enzyme expression changes the plant head space release, showing a higher selectivity for E-(beta)-caryophyllene, but also the production of thujopsene instead of germacrene D. Overall, plants increase the E-(beta)-caryophyllene emission in the headspace collection by 8fold compared to Col-0 control plants. In grapevine VvGwECar2 overexpression result in higher E-(beta)-caryophyllene emissions. Quantitative RT-PCR expression analysis Vitis vinifera

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
4.2.3.89 additional information the enzyme from transgenic Arabidopsis thalina plants shows, in contrast with the behavior of the enzyme in vitro, no trace of germacrene D production. A low thujopsene production, also a higher selectivity for E-(beta)-caryophyllene production: the headspace of the modified plants is indeed dominated by alpha-humulene, thujopsene and E-(beta)-caryophyllene, in a 1:0.75:5 mass ratio (average). But a great variation in sesquiterpenes quantity among the different lines is observed, probably because of the difference in T-DNA copy number and expression. Overall, plants increase the E-(beta)-caryophyllene emission in the headspace collection by 8fold compared to Col-0 control plants. In grapevine VvGwECar2 overexpression result in higher E-(beta)-caryophyllene emissions. No differences in plant phenotypes or growth speed are observed Vitis vinifera

KM Value [mM]

EC Number KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
4.2.3.57 0.0314
-
 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate at pH 7.8 and 30°C Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.89 0.0314
-
 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate recombinant enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C Vitis vinifera

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
4.2.3.57 cytosol
-
 Vitis vinifera 5829
-
4.2.3.89 cytoplasm
-
 Vitis vinifera 5737
-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
4.2.3.57 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate Vitis vinifera
-
 (E)-beta-caryophyllene + alpha-humulene + germacrene + diphosphate
-
 ?
4.2.3.89 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate Vitis vinifera
-
 (+)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
4.2.3.57 Vitis vinifera E5GAF4
-
-
4.2.3.89 Vitis vinifera
-
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
4.2.3.57 Profinity IMAC resin column chromatography Vitis vinifera

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
4.2.3.89 berry
-
 Vitis vinifera
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
4.2.3.57 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
-
 Vitis vinifera (E)-beta-caryophyllene + alpha-humulene + germacrene + diphosphate
-
 ?
4.2.3.89 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate
-
 Vitis vinifera (+)-beta-caryophyllene + diphosphate
-
 ?
4.2.3.89 additional information enzyme VGwECar2 catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate to both beta-caryophyllene and alpha-humulene, plus a small amount of germacrene D, GC-MS analysis Vitis vinifera ?
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
4.2.3.57 E-(beta)-caryophyllene synthase
-
 Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.57 GwECar2
-
 Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.89 E-(beta)-caryophyllene synthase
-
 Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.89 VvGwECar2
-
 Vitis vinifera

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
4.2.3.89 30
-
 assay at Vitis vinifera

Turnover Number [1/s]

EC Number Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
4.2.3.57 0.19
-
 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate at pH 7.8 and 30°C Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.89 0.19
-
 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate recombinant enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C Vitis vinifera

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
4.2.3.57 7.8
-
-
 Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.89 7.8
-
 recombinant enzyme Vitis vinifera

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
4.2.3.89 evolution in grapevine five genes are known to code for beta-caryophyllene synthases, but only one of them, VvGwECar2, is actually expressed in all plant tissues and therefore accounts for most of the volatile production in vegetative parts and berries, although in flowers two other genes, VvGwECar1 and VvPNECar2, seem to play a big role Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.89 physiological function the TPS enzyme (VvGwECar2) is responsible for most of the production of E-(beta)-caryophyllene in grapevine (VvGwECar2). It might play a key role in the plant regulation machinery Vitis vinifera

kcat/KM [mM/s]

EC Number kcat/KM Value [1/mMs-1] kcat/KM Value Maximum [1/mMs-1] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
4.2.3.57 6.1
-
 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate at pH 7.8 and 30°C Vitis vinifera
4.2.3.89 6.1
-
 (2E,6E)-farnesyl diphosphate recombinant enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C Vitis vinifera