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Literature summary extracted from

  • Ye, R.W.; Stead, K.J.; Yao, H.; He, H.
    Mutational and functional analysis of the beta-carotene ketolase involved in the production of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin (2006), Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 5829-5837 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.14.99.63 expression in Escherichia coli Paracoccus sp. N81106

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.14.99.63 D117A expression of a mutant carrying D117A results in the accumulation of echinenone as the predominant carotenoid. Partial inactivation of the CrtW ketolase leads to the production of the monoketolated intermediate Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 F118A Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 F176A Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H103A strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H106A strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H107A strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H218A partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H219A partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H219A the enzyme is partially active in cells containing the zeaxanthin gene cluster. In cells expressing the beta-carotene gene cluster, the activity is similar to that of the wild type based on the amount of canthaxanthin produced. H219 may not play a significant role in iron coordination, but it can have an impact on substrate utilization Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H221A strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H222A strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H65A partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 H69A mutant retains partial activity Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 L175M mutant enzyme with improved activity Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 L175M up to 78% of the total carotenoid is in the form of astaxanthin and the level of the adonixanthin intermediate is lowered to 5% Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 L232A Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 M99I increase in astaxanthin production and a reduction in adonixanthin accumulation Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 M99I mutant enzyme with improved activity Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 M99V increase in astaxanthin production and a reduction in adonixanthin accumulation Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 M99V mutant enzyme with improved activity Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 P116A Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 W126A Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 W229A Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment Paracoccus sp. N81106
1.14.99.63 Y134A Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment Paracoccus sp. N81106

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.14.99.63 Paracoccus sp. N81106 P54972
-
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.14.99.63 beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
-
 Paracoccus sp. N81106 echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?
1.14.99.63 echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
-
 Paracoccus sp. N81106 canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.14.99.63 CrtW ketolase
-
 Paracoccus sp. N81106