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Literature summary extracted from

  • Bai, C.; Berman, J.; Farre, G.; Capell, T.; Sandmann, G.; Christou, P.; Zhu, C.
    Reconstruction of the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway in rice endosperm reveals a metabolic bottleneck at the level of endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase activity (2017), Transgenic Res., 26, 13-23 .
    View publication on PubMed

Application

EC Number Application Comment Organism
1.14.99.63 nutrition rice endosperm can be engineered to produce nutritionally important ketocarotenoids. The limited activity of endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylases causes a bottleneck in the extended ketocarotenoid pathway that must be overcome in order to maximize flux towards target ketocarotenoid molecules Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
2.5.1.32 nutrition rice endosperm can be engineered to produce nutritionally important ketocarotenoids. The limited activity of endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylases causes a bottleneck in the extended ketocarotenoid pathway that must be overcome in order to maximize flux towards target ketocarotenoid molecules Zea mays

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.14.11.B16 expressed in Oryza sativa endosperm Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1.14.99.63 recombinant coexpression of Zea mays phytoene synthase 1 (ZmPSY1), Pantoea ananatis phytoene desaturase (PaCRTI), and a synthetic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii beta-carotene ketolase (sCrBKT) in transgenic rice plants, in grain endosperm of Oryza sativa cv. EYI-105 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1.14.99.63 transgenic rice endosperm expressing phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and beta-carotene ketolase accumulates large amounts of canthaxanthin and adonirubin, plus additional ketocarotenoids in smaller amounts, such as astaxanthin Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
2.5.1.32 transgenic rice endosperm expressing phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and beta-carotene ketolase accumulates large amounts of canthaxanthin and adonirubin, plus additional ketocarotenoids in smaller amounts, such as astaxanthin Zea mays

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.14.99.63 additional information recombinant coexpression of Zea mays phytoene synthase 1 (ZmPSY1), Pantoea ananatis phytoene desaturase (PaCRTI), and a synthetic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii beta-carotene ketolase (sCrBKT) in transgenic rice plants, in grain endosperm, under the control of endosperm-specific promoters. The resulting grains predominantly accumulate the diketocarotenoids canthaxanthin, adonirubin and astaxanthin as well as low levels of monoketocarotenoids. The predominance of canthaxanthin and adonirubin indicates the presence of a hydroxylation bottleneck in the ketocarotenoid pathway. Synthetic beta-carotene ketolase gene is sufficient to produce ketocarotenoids in both the callus and endosperm when there is strong flux through the early part of the pathway, but the heterologous beta-carotene ketolase overwhelms the endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase activity and skews the metabolic profiles strongly in favor in ketolation thus promoting the accumulation of canthaxanthin and adonirubin rather than astaxanthin. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis is used to compare the expression levels of the relative endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase gene (OsBCH) in the endosperm of all four lines. Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants, overview Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
-
 canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.14.11.B16 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
-
-
-
1.14.99.63 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Q4VKB4
-
-
2.5.1.32 Zea mays P49085
-
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene + 2-oxoglutarate + O2 + H2O
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii canthaxanthin + succinate + CO2 + 4 H+
-
 ?
1.14.99.63 beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
 ?
1.14.99.63 zeaxanthin + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii astaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.14.11.B16 beta-carotene ketolase
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1.14.11.B16 bkt
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1.14.99.63 beta-carotene ketolase
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1.14.99.63 bkt
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
1.14.99.63 sCrBKT
-
 Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
2.5.1.32 PSY1
-
 Zea mays

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.14.99.63 physiological function in the extended carotenoid pathway, astaxanthin is derived from beta-carotene by the 3-hydroxylation and 4-ketolation of both ionone end groups. These reactions are catalyzed by beta-carotene hydroxylase and beta-carotene ketolase, respectively. The hydroxylation reaction is widespread in higher plants, but ketolation is mostly restricted to bacteria, fungi, and some unicellular green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii