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Literature summary extracted from

  • Wang, Y.; Kim, S.H.; Natarajan, R.; Heindl, J.E.; Bruger, E.L.; Waters, C.M.; Michael, A.J.; Fuqua, C.
    Spermidine inversely influences surface interactions and planktonic growth in Agrobacterium tumefaciens (2016), J. Bacteriol., 198, 2682-2691 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.5.1.43 gene Atu4170, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of wild-type enzyme mutant genes and enzymes, respectively Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
1.5.1.43 additional information transposon mutagenesis of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58 to knockdown enzyme CASDH performed with the mariner minitransposon Himar1, phenotype, overview. In-frame CASDH and CASDC gene deletion mutants have severe growth defects in minimal medium but are rescued in this respect by exogenous addition of exogenous polyamines that supply the 1,3-diaminopropane group, including spermidine. The severe growth defect of the CASDH and CASDC mutants also manifested itself as a severe biofilm deficiency Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+ Agrobacterium tumefaciens
-
 carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+ ? ?
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+ Agrobacterium fabrum the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+
-
 ?
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+ Agrobacterium fabrum C58 the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+
-
 ?
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + putrescine + NADPH + H+ Agrobacterium tumefaciens
-
 carboxyspermidine + H2O + NADP+ ? ?
2.5.1.44 2 putrescine Agrobacterium fabrum the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway sym-homospermidine + NH3
-
 ?
2.5.1.44 2 putrescine Agrobacterium fabrum C58 the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway sym-homospermidine + NH3
-
 ?
4.1.1.96 carboxyspermidine Agrobacterium fabrum the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway spermidine + CO2
-
 ?
4.1.1.96 carboxyspermidine Agrobacterium fabrum C58 the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway spermidine + CO2
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.5.1.43 Agrobacterium fabrum A9CG66
-
-
1.5.1.43 Agrobacterium fabrum C58 A9CG66
-
-
1.5.1.43 Agrobacterium tumefaciens A9CG66
-
-
2.5.1.44 Agrobacterium fabrum A9CFM4
-
-
2.5.1.44 Agrobacterium fabrum C58 A9CFM4
-
-
4.1.1.96 Agrobacterium fabrum A9CG65
-
-
4.1.1.96 Agrobacterium fabrum C58 A9CG65
-
-
4.1.1.96 Agrobacterium tumefaciens A9CG65
-
-
4.1.1.96 Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58 A9CG65
-
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+
-
 ?
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+
-
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+ ? ?
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+ the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway Agrobacterium fabrum carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+
-
 ?
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum C58 carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+
-
 ?
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + propane-1,3-diamine + NADPH + H+ the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway Agrobacterium fabrum C58 carboxynorspermidine + H2O + NADP+
-
 ?
1.5.1.43 L-aspartate 4-semialdehyde + putrescine + NADPH + H+
-
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens carboxyspermidine + H2O + NADP+ ? ?
2.5.1.44 2 putrescine
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum sym-homospermidine + NH3
-
 ?
2.5.1.44 2 putrescine the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway Agrobacterium fabrum sym-homospermidine + NH3
-
 ?
2.5.1.44 2 putrescine
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum C58 sym-homospermidine + NH3
-
 ?
2.5.1.44 2 putrescine the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway Agrobacterium fabrum C58 sym-homospermidine + NH3
-
 ?
4.1.1.96 carboxyspermidine
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum spermidine + CO2
-
 ?
4.1.1.96 carboxyspermidine the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway Agrobacterium fabrum spermidine + CO2
-
 ?
4.1.1.96 carboxyspermidine
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum C58 spermidine + CO2
-
 ?
4.1.1.96 carboxyspermidine the enzyme is involved in polyamine biosynthesis pathway Agrobacterium fabrum C58 spermidine + CO2
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.5.1.43 Atu4170
-
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1.5.1.43 carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase
-
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1.5.1.43 CASDH
-
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1.5.1.43 CASDH
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum
2.5.1.44 Atu3768
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum
2.5.1.44 HSS
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum
4.1.1.96 Atu4169
-
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
4.1.1.96 CasDC
-
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens
4.1.1.96 CasDC
-
 Agrobacterium fabrum

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.5.1.43 NADPH
-
 Agrobacterium tumefaciens

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
1.5.1.43 malfunction accumulation of the precursor putrescine in the CASDH mutant The mutant accumulates homospermidine, which requires a homospermidine synthase (hss) homologue. Agrobacterium tumefaciens mutants with diminished levels of the polyamine spermidine are stimulated for biofilm formation, and exogenous provision of spermidine decreases biofilm formation. Spermidine is also essential for Agrobacterium tumefaciens growth, but the related polyamine norspermidine exogenously rescues growth and does not diminish biofilm formation, the growth requirement and biofilm control are separable. Exogenous spermidine and norspermidine restore prototrophic growth for CASDH and CASDC mutants, but only spermidine inhibits biofilm formation. CASDH and CASDC mutants accumulate homospermidine via a homospermidine synthase homologue Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1.5.1.43 malfunction exogenous spermidine and norspermidine restore prototrophic growth for DELTA(CASDH) carboxynorspermidine synthase and DELTA(CASDC) carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase mutants Agrobacterium fabrum
1.5.1.43 metabolism in an alternative pathway (alternate to the pathway via S-adenosyl-L-methionine), putrescine is first converted into carboxyspermidine with the precursor L-aspartate beta-semialdehyde by the enzyme carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase (CASDH), and then carboxyspermidine is converted to spermidine by carboxyspermidine decarboxylase (CASDC). Spermidine is an essential metabolite in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is synthesized from putrescine via the stepwise actions of carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase (CASDH) and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase (CASDC) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
1.5.1.43 physiological function spermidine is an essential metabolite in Agrobacterium tumefaciens and is synthesized from putrescine via the stepwise actions of carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase (CASDH) and carboxyspermidine decarboxylase (CASDC). Spermidine is essential for Agrobacterium tumefaciens growth, growth requirement and biofilm control are separable. Polyamine control of biofilm formation appears to function via effects on the cellular second messenger cyclic diguanylate monophosphate, regulating the transition from a freeliving to a surface-attached lifestyle Agrobacterium tumefaciens
2.5.1.44 malfunction deletion of hss has no effect on polyamine levels in an otherwise wild-type strain, but in the CASDH mutant, it completely abolishes the increased Hspd levels. The DELTAhss mutant is also unaffected for prototrophic growth in the wild type, and this mutation does not alter the growth phenotypes of the DELTACASDH mutant Agrobacterium fabrum
2.5.1.44 physiological function deletion of HSS has no effect on polyamine levels in an otherwise wild-type strain. In the CASDH mutant, lacking carboxyspermidine dehydrogenase activity, it completely abolishes the increased homospermidine levels. The HSS mutant is also unaffected for prototrophic growth in the wild type, and the mutation does not alter the growth phenotypes of the CASDH mutant Agrobacterium fabrum
4.1.1.96 malfunction exogenous spermidine and norspermidine restore prototrophic growth for DELTA(CASDH) carboxynorspermidine synthase and DELTA(CASDC) carboxynorspermidine decarboxylase mutants Agrobacterium fabrum
4.1.1.96 physiological function a deletion mutant shows severe growth defects in minimal medium and a severe biofilm deficiency. Exogenous spermidine and norspermidine restore prototrophic growth for CASDC mutants, but only spermidine inhibits biofilm formation. The CASDC mutants accumulate homospermidine via a homospermidine synthase homologue Agrobacterium tumefaciens