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Literature summary extracted from

  • Li, Y.; Powell, D.A.; Shaffer, S.A.; Rasko, D.A.; Pelletier, M.R.; Leszyk, J.D.; Scott, A.J.; Masoudi, A.; Goodlett, D.R.; Wang, X.; Raetz, C.R.; Ernst, R.K.
    LPS remodeling is an evolved survival strategy for bacteria (2012), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 109, 8716-8721.
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
2.3.1.191 genes lpxD1 and lpxD2, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phyylogenetic analysis, the lpxD1gene lies within an essential four-gene operon, lpxD1/fabZ/lpxA/lpxB, while the second gene lpxD2 as a single gene is predicted to be regulated by its own promoter Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
2.3.1.191 additional information construction of lpxD1-null and lpxD2-null mutant strains, that show altered antibiotic susceptibility patterns, membrane permeability, but no innate immune responses Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
2.3.1.191 (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida
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UDP-2,3-bis[O-(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
-
ir
2.3.1.191 (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida U112
-
UDP-2,3-bis[O-(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
-
ir

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
2.3.1.191 Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida
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genes lpxD1 and lpxD2
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2.3.1.191 Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida U112
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genes lpxD1 and lpxD2
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Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
2.3.1.191 cell culture growth temperatures of 18°C to 37°C Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida
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Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2.3.1.191 (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine
-
Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida UDP-2,3-bis[O-(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
-
ir
2.3.1.191 (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine the LpxD1 enzyme adds a 3-OH C18 acyl group at 37 °C (host), whereas the LpxD2 enzyme adds a 3-OH C16 acyl group at 18 °C (environment) Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida UDP-2,3-bis[O-(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
-
ir
2.3.1.191 (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine
-
Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida U112 UDP-2,3-bis[O-(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
-
ir
2.3.1.191 (3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl-[acyl-carrier protein] + UDP-3-O-[(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine the LpxD1 enzyme adds a 3-OH C18 acyl group at 37 °C (host), whereas the LpxD2 enzyme adds a 3-OH C16 acyl group at 18 °C (environment) Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida U112 UDP-2,3-bis[O-(3R)-3-hydroxymyristoyl]-alpha-D-glucosamine + a holo-[acyl-carrier protein]
-
ir

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
2.3.1.191 LpxD
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Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida
2.3.1.191 LpxD1
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Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida
2.3.1.191 Lpxd2
-
Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
2.3.1.191 malfunction the lpxD1-null mutant is attenuated in C57BL/6 mice and subsequently exhibits protection against a lethal wild-type challenge. The lpxD1-null and lpxD2-null mutant strains show altered antibiotic susceptibility patterns, membrane permeability, but no innate immune responses. The DELTAlpxD1 mutant is more susceptible to antibiotics with diverse mechanisms of action such as chloramphenicol, carbenicillin, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, rifampin, and vancomycin, whereas the DELTAlpxD2 mutant is only susceptible to carbenicillin and erythromycin Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida
2.3.1.191 metabolism Francisella modifies its lipid A structure in response to temperature adaptation by altering the length of the amidelinked acyl chains: 3-OH-C16 at environmental temperature and 3-OH-C18 at mammalian temperature Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida
2.3.1.191 physiological function functional LpxD is essential for bacterial viability, transcriptional control of the lpxD genes, encoding the lipid A-modifying N-acyltransferase enzymes LpxD1/2,and posttranslational control of the LpxD1 and LpxD2 enzymatic activities are involved in the mechanism for temperature-regulated membrane remodeling by LPS/lipid A-level modifications resulting in alterations of membrane fluidity, as well as integrity, that may represent a general paradigm for bacterial membrane adaptation and virulence-state adaptation Francisella tularensis subsp. novicida