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Literature summary extracted from

  • Coatnoan, N.; Berneman, A.; Chamond, N.; Minoprio, P.
    Proline racemases: Insights into Trypanosoma cruzi peptides containing D-proline (2009), Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 104, 295-300.
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
5.1.1.4 the paralogous genes TcPRACA (A+) and TcPRACB (B++) are overexpressed in non-infective epimastigote forms using appropriate vectors to obtain stable chromosomal integration of these genes in sense and antisense orientations Trypanosoma cruzi

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
5.1.1.4 L-proline Trypanosoma cruzi
-
 D-proline
-
 r

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
5.1.1.4 Trypanosoma cruzi Q4DA80
-
-
5.1.1.4 Trypanosoma cruzi Q868H8
-
-

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
5.1.1.4 epimastigote
-
 Trypanosoma cruzi
-
5.1.1.4 metacyclic form
-
 Trypanosoma cruzi
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
5.1.1.4 L-proline
-
 Trypanosoma cruzi D-proline
-
 r

Subunits

EC Number Subunits Comment Organism
5.1.1.4 homodimer
-
 Trypanosoma cruzi

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
5.1.1.4 proline racemase
-
 Trypanosoma cruzi
5.1.1.4 TcPRAC
-
 Trypanosoma cruzi
5.1.1.4 TcPRACA isoform A Trypanosoma cruzi
5.1.1.4 TcPRACB isoform B Trypanosoma cruzi

Expression

EC Number Organism Comment Expression
5.1.1.4 Trypanosoma cruzi 2 paralogous copies of proline racemase genes are present per parasite haploid genome and they are differentially expressed during Trypanosoma cruzi development. Non-infective forms of the parasite expressing full length antisense TcPRACB RNA (functional knockdown) are not viable, whereas functional TcPRACA-knock down (A-) epimastigotes survive only poorly even under low selection pressure for recombinant parasites. Extracts from parasites overexpressing TcPRAC genes display more D-amino acid-containing peptides than wild type or knock down controls. The metacyclic form/epimastigote D-amino acid ratio obtained from parasites that developed in higher concentrations of proline (5.5) is greater than the metacyclic form/epimastigote D-amino acid ratio from wild type (2). Parasites overexpressing the intracytoplasmic isoform of proline racemase (B++) that has differentiated in 1x or 3x proline conditions display higher metacyclic form/epimastigote D-amino acid ratios than the respective wild type controls. Although they present a relative increase in metacyclic form/epimastigote D-amino acid ratios, overexpressors of the secreted version of TcPRAC (A+) show lower levels of D-amino acids than wild type or B++ parasites. Since TcPRACA transcripts appear to be more highly expressed at the end of metacyclogenesis, it is tempting to consider that racemisation of intracellular proline during this stage of development instead depends on the cytoplasmic version of the enzyme (TcPRACB) additional information

General Information

EC Number General Information Comment Organism
5.1.1.4 physiological function proline racemase participates in mechanisms of virulence acquisition Trypanosoma cruzi