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Literature summary extracted from

  • Harper, C.; Hayward, D.; Wiid, I.; van Helden, P.
    Regulation of nitrogen metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comparison with mechanisms in Corynebacterium glutamicum and Streptomyces coelicolor (2008), IUBMB Life, 60, 643-650.
    View publication on PubMed

Activating Compound

EC Number Activating Compound Comment Organism Structure
6.3.1.2 additional information the level of glnA1 transcription is upregulated under nitrogen limitation conditions Corynebacterium glutamicum
6.3.1.2 additional information the level of glnA1 transcription is upregulated under nitrogen limitation conditions Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6.3.1.2 additional information the level of glnA1 transcription is upregulated under nitrogen limitation conditions. GlnR is able to function as both an activator and repressor of transcription Streptomyces coelicolor

Application

EC Number Application Comment Organism
6.3.1.2 drug development the enzyme is an attractive target for development of antimycobacterial drugs Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6.3.1.2 synthesis the organism is used for industrial production of L-glutamine Corynebacterium glutamicum

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
6.3.1.2 additional information glnA1 mutants are attenuated for intracellular growth in human THP-1 macrophages and are unable to infect guinea pigs Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
6.3.1.2 additional information a single transcriptional repressor AmtR from the TetR family is involved in enzyme regulation, AmtB is encoded by amtB clustered together with glnK in an operon, glnK encodes for a PII signaling protein which are small trimeric proteins that are able to bind 2-oxoglutarate and play a pivotal role in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism by way of controlling the activity of signal transduction components and key metabolic enzymes. GlnK is not uridylylated but rather adenylylated/de-adenylylated by GlnD Corynebacterium glutamicum
6.3.1.2 additional information a single transcriptional repressor AmtR from the TetR family is involved in enzyme regulation, AmtB is encoded by amtB clustered together with glnK in an operon, glnK encodes for a PII signaling protein which are small trimeric proteins that are able to bind 2-oxoglutarate and play a pivotal role in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism by way of controlling the activity of signal transduction components and key metabolic enzymes. GlnK is not uridylylated but rather adenylylated/de-adenylylated by GlnD Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6.3.1.2 additional information GlnR is able to function as both an activator and repressor of transcription Streptomyces coelicolor
6.3.1.2 nitrogen the activity of GlnA1 is downregulated under conditions of nitrogen excess, through covalent binding of an AMP-moiety to a conserved Tyr405 residue by GlnE, an adenylyltransferase Corynebacterium glutamicum
6.3.1.2 nitrogen the activity of GlnA1 is downregulated under conditions of nitrogen excess, through covalent binding of an AMP-moiety to a conserved Tyr405 residue by GlnE, an adenylyltransferase Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6.3.1.2 nitrogen the activity of GlnA1 is downregulated under conditions of nitrogen excess, through covalent binding of an AMP-moiety to a conserved Tyr405 residue by GlnE, an adenylyltransferase. Both GSII activity and glnII transcription levels increase during nitrogen starvation of morphologically differentiating cultures while there was no change in glnA1 transcription Streptomyces coelicolor

Localization

EC Number Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
6.3.1.2 extracellular a much larger amount of GlnA1 is produced than is necessary for normal growth by the organism and a substantial proportion of this is found in the extracellular medium of cell cultures Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
-
6.3.1.2 additional information GS1 lacks a leader peptide sequence Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
-

Metals/Ions

EC Number Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
6.3.1.2 Mg2+
-
 Corynebacterium glutamicum
6.3.1.2 Mg2+
-
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6.3.1.2 Mg2+
-
 Streptomyces coelicolor

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 Mycobacterium tuberculosis only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview. GlnA1 is associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 Streptomyces coelicolor only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, the transcriptional regulator GlnR is involved in regulation of the enzyme activity and is able to function as both an activator and repressor of transcription, overview. GSII probably plays and important role in mycelial development as well as differential glnA1 and glnII transcriptional regulation ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 Corynebacterium glutamicum the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview. GlnA1 is associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 additional information Streptomyces coelicolor transcriptional regulation as part of the nitrogen assimilation system, overview ?
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
6.3.1.2 Corynebacterium glutamicum
-
 gene glnA1 or cg2429 encoding a GSI-beta-subtype enzyme GlnA1 as the functional enzyme form in the organism, gene glnA2 encodes a GSI-alpha-subtype
-
6.3.1.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
 four highly homolgous GSI protein sequences GlnA1, encoded by gene Rv2220, GlnA2, GlnA3, and GlnA4
-
6.3.1.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv
-
 four highly homolgous GSI protein sequences GlnA1, encoded by gene Rv2220, GlnA2, GlnA3, and GlnA4
-
6.3.1.2 Streptomyces coelicolor P15106 four highly homolgous GSI protein sequences GlnA1, GlnA2, GlnA3, and GlnA4
-

Posttranslational Modification

EC Number Posttranslational Modification Comment Organism
6.3.1.2 additional information GlnA1 is subject to posttranslational modification, while GlnA2 is not Corynebacterium glutamicum

Source Tissue

EC Number Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
6.3.1.2 cell culture a much larger amount of GlnA1 is produced than is necessary for normal growth by the organism and a substantial proportion of this is found in the extracellular medium of cell cultures Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-
6.3.1.2 mycelium
-
 Streptomyces coelicolor
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
-
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
-
 Streptomyces coelicolor ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview. GlnA1 is associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, the transcriptional regulator GlnR is involved in regulation of the enzyme activity and is able to function as both an activator and repressor of transcription, overview. GSII probably plays and important role in mycelial development as well as differential glnA1 and glnII transcriptional regulation Streptomyces coelicolor ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview Corynebacterium glutamicum ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 GlnA1 is essential for survival in vitro, while GlnA2 is probably not Corynebacterium glutamicum ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
-
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 only GlnA1 appears to be the functional enzyme involved in nitrogen metabolism in vivo in the organism, the enzyme is involved in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism and nitrogen fixation via the incorporation of ammonia the glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase, GS/GOGAT, pathway, overview. GlnA1 is associated with virulence and pathogenicity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 ?
6.3.1.2 additional information transcriptional regulation as part of the nitrogen assimilation system, overview Streptomyces coelicolor ?
-
 ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
6.3.1.2 Glutamine synthetase
-
 Corynebacterium glutamicum
6.3.1.2 Glutamine synthetase
-
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6.3.1.2 Glutamine synthetase
-
 Streptomyces coelicolor
6.3.1.2 GS type-1
-
 Corynebacterium glutamicum
6.3.1.2 GSI
-
 Corynebacterium glutamicum

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
6.3.1.2 ATP
-
 Corynebacterium glutamicum
6.3.1.2 ATP
-
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
6.3.1.2 ATP
-
 Streptomyces coelicolor