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Literature summary extracted from

  • Waditee, R.; Tanaka, Y.; Aoki, K.; Hibino, T.; Jikuya, H.; Takano, J.; Takabe, T.
    Isolation and functional characterization of N-methyltransferases that catalyze betaine synthesis from glycine in a halotolerant photosynthetic organism Aphanothece halophytica (2003), J. Biol. Chem., 278, 4932-4942.
    View publication on PubMed

Activating Compound

EC Number Activating Compound Comment Organism Structure
2.1.1.156 additional information abiotic stess-inducible enzyme, e.g. high salt content Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 additional information abiotic stess-inducible enzyme, e.g. high salt content Aphanothece halophytica

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
2.1.1.156 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 orf1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis, overexpression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli, functional coexpression of the soluble enzyme with the sarcosine dimethylglycine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.157, increases the intracellular betaine level and the growth rate of Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 orf2, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, phylogenetic analysis, overexpression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Escherichia coli, functional coexpression of the soluble enzyme with the glycine sarcosine methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.156, increases the intracellular betaine level and the growth rate of Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) Aphanothece halophytica

Protein Variants

EC Number Protein Variants Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 R169E inactive Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 R169E site-directed mutagenesis, completely inactive mutant Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 R169K site-directed mutagenesis, reduced activity and highly increased Km for ATP with both glycine and sarcosine compared to the wild-type enzyme Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 R169K drastic increase of Km of the methyl-acceptor substrates, 2-fold increase in Km for S-adenosyl-L-methionine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 M172R site-directed mutagenesis, reduced activity with sarcosine, but highly reduced activity with dimethylglycine compared to the wild-type enzyme Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 P171Q site-directed mutagenesis, reduced activity with sarcosine and dimethylglycine compared to the wild-type enzyme Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 P171Q/M172R site-directed mutagenesis, reduced activity with glycine and sarcosine, but highly reduced activity with dimethylglycine compared to the wild-type enzyme Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 M172R almost inactive Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 P171Q strongly increased Km for dimethylglycine, slight increase in the Km for S-adenosyl-L-methionine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 P171Q/M172R almost inactive Aphanothece halophytica

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
2.1.1.156 acetate 80% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 dimethylglycine versus glycine, 65% inhibition at 250 mM Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 ethanolamine 45% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 KCl
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 monomethyl ethanolamine 35% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 additional information inhibition rates with sarcosine, overview, no feedback inhibition by betaine up to 2 M, no inhibition with glycine by serine, methionine, asparagine, glutamate, cysteine, and alanine; no inhibition with betaine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 NaCl
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 phenylalanine 10% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 proline 30% inhibition at 250 mM, with glycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine product inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 sarcosine competitive inhibition, versus glycine, 70% inhibition at 250 mM Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 dimethylglycine competitive inhibition, versus sarcosine, 40% inhibition at 250 mM Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 isovaleric acid 10% inhibition at 250 mM, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 L-alanine 10% inhibition at 250 mM, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 L-cysteine 10% inhibition at 250 mM, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 L-methionine 10% inhibition at 250 mM, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 L-phenylalanine 10% inhibition at 250 mM Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 additional information inhibition rates with sarcosine, overview, no inhibition with dimethylglycine by glycine, acetate, ethanolamine, monomethylethanolamine, serine, asparagine, glutamate, and proline Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 n-butyric acid 50% inhibition at 250 mM, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 propionic acid 10% inhibition at 250 mM, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine product inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 sarcosine slight competitive inhibition, versus dimethylglycine, 20% inhibition at 250 mM Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 tert-butylacetic acid 30% inhibition at 250 mM, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 alanine slight inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 cysteine slight inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 isovaleric acid slight inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 KCl
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 methionine slight inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 additional information no inhibition with betaine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 n-butyric acid
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 N-methylglycine slight inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 NaCl
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 phenylalanine slight inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 propionic acid slight inhibition Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 t-butyrylacetic acid
-
 Aphanothece halophytica

KM Value [mM]

EC Number KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
2.1.1.156 0.6
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme, with sarcosine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 0.6
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine with N-methylglycine as methyl group acceptor, pH 8.8, 37°C Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 0.7
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme, with glycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 0.7
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine with glycine as methyl group acceptor, pH 8.8, 37°C Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 0.8
-
 N-methylglycine pH 8.8, 37°C Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 0.8
-
 sarcosine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 1
-
 glycine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant R169K Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 1.1
-
 sarcosine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant R169K Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 1.5
-
 glycine pH 8.8, 37°C Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 1.5
-
 glycine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 50
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant R169K, with sarcosine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 75
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant R169K, with glycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 0.18
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 0.25
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant P171Q, with dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 0.5
-
 dimethylglycine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 0.6
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme, with sarcosine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 0.8
-
 sarcosine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant wild-type enzyme Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 7.5
-
 dimethylglycine pH 8.8, 37°C, recombinant mutant P171Q Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 0.18
-
 S-adenosyl-L-methionine pH 8.8, 37°C Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 0.5
-
 N,N-dimethylglycine pH 8.8, 37°C Aphanothece halophytica

Molecular Weight [Da]

EC Number Molecular Weight [Da] Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 31210
-
 calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 32000
-
 gel filtration Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 32000
-
 recombinant enzyme, gel filtration Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 33000
-
 1 * 33000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 33000
-
 1 * 33000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 32000, gel filtration Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 29000
-
 recombinant enzyme, gel filtration Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 31000
-
 1 * 31000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 29000
-
 gel filtration Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 31000
-
 1 * 31000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 29000, gel filtration Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 31210
-
 calculated from the deduced amino acid sequence Aphanothece halophytica

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
2.1.1.156 additional information Aphanothece halophytica the enzyme is involved in the alternate biosynthesis of betaine, which is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stress ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine Aphanothece halophytica
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine Aphanothece halophytica synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine Aphanothece halophytica synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine Aphanothece halophytica
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information Aphanothece halophytica the enzyme is involved in the alternate biosynthesis of betaine, which is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stress ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine i.e. N,N,N-trimethylglycine ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine Aphanothece halophytica
-
 S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.161 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine Aphanothece halophytica synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine
-
 ?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
2.1.1.156 Aphanothece halophytica
-
-
-
2.1.1.156 Aphanothece halophytica Q83WC4 inducible enzyme
-
2.1.1.157 Aphanothece halophytica Q83WC3 inducible enzyme
-
2.1.1.161 Aphanothece halophytica
-
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
2.1.1.156
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange chromatography to homogeneity Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion exchange chromatography to homogeneity Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161
-
 Aphanothece halophytica

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2.1.1.156 additional information the enzyme is involved in the alternate biosynthesis of betaine, which is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stress Aphanothece halophytica ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 additional information enzyme shows strict substrate specificity Aphanothece halophytica ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine i.e. 2-methylglycine ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N-methylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N-methylglycine synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.156 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information the enzyme is involved in the alternate biosynthesis of betaine, which is an important osmoprotectant and is synthesized in response to abiotic stress Aphanothece halophytica ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 additional information enzyme shows strict substrate specificity Aphanothece halophytica ?
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + glycine low activity Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + sarcosine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + betaine i.e. N,N,N-trimethylglycine ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.157 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + sarcosine i.e. methylglycine Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.161 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine
-
 Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine
-
 ?
2.1.1.161 S-adenosyl-L-methionine + N,N-dimethylglycine synthesis of the compatible solute betaine de novo through the methylation of glycine, sarcosine and dimethylglycine with the methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine Aphanothece halophytica S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine + N,N,N-trimethylglycine
-
 ?

Subunits

EC Number Subunits Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 monomer 1 * 33000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 monomer 1 * 33000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 32000, gel filtration Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 More enzyme aggregated to tetramers is inactive Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 monomer 1 * 31000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 monomer 1 * 31000, SDS-PAGE, 1 * 29000, gel filtration Aphanothece halophytica

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 GSMT
-
 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 SDMT
-
 Aphanothece halophytica

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 37
-
 assay at Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 37
-
 assay at Aphanothece halophytica

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 8.8
-
 assay at Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.156 9
-
 glycine or N-methylglycine Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.157 8.8
-
 assay at Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 9
-
-
 Aphanothece halophytica

pH Range

EC Number pH Minimum pH Maximum Comment Organism
2.1.1.156 8 11 glycine or N-methylglycine, very low activity below pH 8 Aphanothece halophytica
2.1.1.161 7 11 very low activity below pH 7 Aphanothece halophytica