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Literature summary extracted from

  • Xie, D.Y.; Sharma, S.B.; Dixon, R.A.
    Anthocyanidin reductases from Medicago truncatula and Arabidopsis thaliana (2004), Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 422, 91-102.
    View publication on PubMed

Cloned(Commentary)

EC Number Cloned (Comment) Organism
1.3.1.77 expression in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with maltose-binding protein Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 expression in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with maltose-binding protein Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 expression in Escherichia coli strain DH5alpha, expression as MBT-fusion protein followed by cleavage of the protein tag by Factor Xa protease Medicago truncatula

Inhibitors

EC Number Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
1.3.1.77 (+)-catechin 0.5 mM, 50% inhibition Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 (+/-)-dihydroquercetin 0.025 mM Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 additional information no inhibition by Na+ up to 400 mM Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 additional information no inhibition by (+)-catechin and (+/-)-dihydroquercetin Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 Na+ above 200 mM Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 quercetin strong inhibition Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 quercetin strong inhibition Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 (+)-catechin
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 cyanidin substrate inhibition at high concentration Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 dihydroquercetin
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 additional information no inhibition by (+)-catechin and dihydroquercetin Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 Na+ above 200 mM Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 pelargonidin substrate inhibition at high concentration Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 quercetin
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 quercetin
-
Medicago truncatula

KM Value [mM]

EC Number KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
1.3.1.77 0.0129
-
cyanidin pH 6.0 Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 0.0145
-
pelargonidin pH 6.0 Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 0.0178
-
delphinidin pH 8.0 Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 0.0498
-
delphinidin pH 6.0 Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 0.0528
-
pelargonidin pH 8.0 Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 0.0739
-
cyanidin pH 8.0 Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 0.45
-
NADPH pH 6.0 Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 0.94
-
NADH pH 6.0 Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 additional information
-
additional information
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 additional information
-
additional information enzyme shows typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics for each substrate Medicago truncatula

Metals/Ions

EC Number Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
1.17.1.3 additional information enzyme is not affected by Na+ at up to 400 mM Arabidopsis thaliana

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

EC Number Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
1.3.1.77 anthocyanidin + NAD(P)H Arabidopsis thaliana enzyme of flavonoid pathway involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ol + NAD(P)+
-
?
1.3.1.77 anthocyanidin + NAD(P)H Medicago truncatula enzyme of flavonoid pathway involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ol + NAD(P)+
-
?
1.17.1.3 cyanidin + NADPH + H+ Arabidopsis thaliana
-
(-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol ?
1.17.1.3 cyanidin + NADPH + H+ Medicago truncatula
-
(-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol ?
1.17.1.3 additional information Arabidopsis thaliana enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins in the flavonoid pathway converting anthocyanidins into 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols, overview ?
-
?
1.17.1.3 additional information Medicago truncatula enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins in the flavonoid pathway converting anthocyanidins into 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols, overview ?
-
?

Organism

EC Number Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
1.3.1.77 Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-
-
1.3.1.77 Medicago truncatula
-
-
-
1.17.1.3 Arabidopsis thaliana
-
cv. Columbia, gene BANYULS
-
1.17.1.3 Medicago truncatula
-
gene BANYULS
-

Purification (Commentary)

EC Number Purification (Comment) Organism
1.17.1.3 recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli Medicago truncatula

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

EC Number Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
1.3.1.77 (-)-epicatechin + NADH + H+
-
Medicago truncatula cyanidin + NAD+
-
r
1.3.1.77 anthocyanidin + NAD(P)H enzyme of flavonoid pathway involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins Arabidopsis thaliana 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ol + NAD(P)+
-
?
1.3.1.77 anthocyanidin + NAD(P)H enzyme of flavonoid pathway involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins Medicago truncatula 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ol + NAD(P)+
-
?
1.3.1.77 cyanidin + NADPH
-
Arabidopsis thaliana (-)-epicatechin + NAD(P)+
-
?
1.3.1.77 cyanidin + NADPH preference of anthocyanidin substrates in decreasing order: cyanidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin Medicago truncatula (-)-epicatechin + NAD(P)+
-
?
1.3.1.77 delphinidin + 2 NADPH + H+
-
Arabidopsis thaliana (-)-epigallocatechin + 2 NADP+
-
?
1.3.1.77 delphinidin + 2 NADPH + H+ preference of anthocyanidin substrates in decreasing order: cyanidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin Medicago truncatula (-)-epigallocatechin + 2 NADP+
-
?
1.3.1.77 pelargonidin + 2 NADPH + H+
-
Arabidopsis thaliana (-)-epiafzelechin + 2 NADP+
-
?
1.3.1.77 pelargonidin + 2 NADPH + H+ preference of anthocyanidin substrates in decreasing order: cyanidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin Medicago truncatula (-)-epiafzelechin + 2 NADP+
-
?
1.17.1.3 cyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
Arabidopsis thaliana (-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol ?
1.17.1.3 cyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
Medicago truncatula (-)-epicatechin + NADP+ + H2O i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol ?
1.17.1.3 cyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
Arabidopsis thaliana (-)-epicatechin + (-)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O (-)-epicatechin, i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol, is the major product, formation of (-)-catechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible ?
1.17.1.3 cyanidin + NADPH + H+
-
Medicago truncatula (-)-epicatechin + (-)-catechin + NADP+ + H2O (-)-epicatechin, i.e. (2R,3R)-3-cis-flavan-3-ol, is the major product, formation of (-)-catechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible ?
1.17.1.3 delphinidin + NADPH
-
Arabidopsis thaliana (-)-epigallocatechin + (-)-gallocatechin + NADP+ + H2O (-)-epigallocatechin is the major product, formation of (-)-gallocatechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible ?
1.17.1.3 delphinidin + NADPH
-
Medicago truncatula (-)-epigallocatechin + (-)-gallocatechin + NADP+ + H2O (-)-epigallocatechin is the major product, formation of (-)-gallocatechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible ?
1.17.1.3 additional information enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins in the flavonoid pathway converting anthocyanidins into 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols, overview Arabidopsis thaliana ?
-
?
1.17.1.3 additional information enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of condensed tannins in the flavonoid pathway converting anthocyanidins into 2,3-cis-flavan-3-ols, overview Medicago truncatula ?
-
?
1.17.1.3 additional information substrate preference in descending order: cyanidin, pelargonidin, delphinidin Medicago truncatula ?
-
?
1.17.1.3 additional information substrate preference in descending order: delphinidin, pelargonidin, cyanidin Arabidopsis thaliana ?
-
?
1.17.1.3 pelargonidin + NADPH
-
Arabidopsis thaliana (-)-epiafzelechin + (-)-afzelechin + NADP+ + H2O (-)-epiafzelechin is the major product, formation of (-)-afzelechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible ?
1.17.1.3 pelargonidin + NADPH
-
Medicago truncatula (-)-epiafzelechin + (-)-afzelechin + NADP+ + H2O (-)-epiafzelechin is the major product, formation of (-)-afzelechin by nonenzymatic epimerization is possible ?

Synonyms

EC Number Synonyms Comment Organism
1.3.1.77 ANR
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 ANR
-
Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 AtANR
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 MtANR
-
Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 ANR
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 ANR
-
Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 anthocyanidin reductase
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 anthocyanidin reductase
-
Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 BAN
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 BAN
-
Medicago truncatula

Temperature Optimum [°C]

EC Number Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
1.3.1.77 45
-
-
Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 55
-
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 45
-
-
Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 55
-
-
Arabidopsis thaliana

Turnover Number [1/s]

EC Number Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
1.3.1.77 0.058
-
delphinidin pH 8.0 Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 0.18
-
cyanidin pH 6.0 Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 1.045
-
cyanidin pH 8.0 Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 1.34
-
delphinidin pH 6.0 Medicago truncatula

pH Optimum

EC Number pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
1.3.1.77 5.5
-
in 50 mM citrate/phosphate buffer Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 6
-
in 50 mM MES buffer Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 8
-
-
Arabidopsis thaliana
1.17.1.3 5.5 6 depending on the buffer system used Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 7
-
assay at Arabidopsis thaliana

pH Range

EC Number pH Minimum pH Maximum Comment Organism
1.3.1.77 7 8.9 pH 7.0: about 40% of maximal activity, pH 8.9: about 90% of maximal activity Arabidopsis thaliana

Cofactor

EC Number Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
1.3.1.77 NADH slight preference for NADPH over NADH Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 NADH slight preference for NADPH over NADH Medicago truncatula
1.3.1.77 NADPH slight preference for NADPH over NADH Arabidopsis thaliana
1.3.1.77 NADPH slight preference for NADPH over NADH Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 NADH
-
Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 NADPH slight preference for Medicago truncatula
1.17.1.3 NADPH specific for, positive cooperativity Arabidopsis thaliana