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Literature summary for 6.3.5.4 extracted from
- Asparagine synthetase: regulation by cell stress and involvement in tumor biology (2013), Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 304, E789-E799.
Localization
| Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| endoplasmic reticulum | - |
Homo sapiens | 5783 | - |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O | Homo sapiens | - |
AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate | - |
? |  |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | - |
- |
- |
Source Tissue
| Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | the enzyme is ubiquitous in its organ distribution in mammals, but basal expression is relatively low in tissues other than the exocrine pancreas | Homo sapiens | - |
| pancreas | - |
Homo sapiens | - |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATP + L-aspartate + L-glutamine + H2O | - |
Homo sapiens | AMP + diphosphate + L-asparagine + L-glutamate | - |
? | |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| ASNS | - |
Homo sapiens |
| Asparagine synthetase | - |
Homo sapiens |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATP | - |
Homo sapiens | |
Expression
| Organism | Comment | Expression |
|---|---|---|
| Homo sapiens | human enzyme activity is highly regulated in response to cell stress, primarily by increased transcription from a single gene located on chromosome 7. Protein limitation or an imbalanced dietary amino acid composition activate the ASNS gene through the amino acid response, a process that is replicated in cell culture through limitation for any single essential amino acid. Endoplasmic reticulum stress also increases ASNS transcription through the PERK-eIF2-ATF4 arm of the unfolded protein response. Both the amino acid response and unfolded protein response lead to increased synthesis of ATF4, which binds to the C/EBP-ATF response element and induces ASNS transcription | up |
General Information
| General Information | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | human enzyme activity is highly regulated in response to cell stress, primarily by increased transcription from a single gene located on chromosome 7, ASNS transcription control by C/EBP-ATF response element within the promoter. Protein limitation or an imbalanced dietary amino acid composition activate the ASNS gene through the amino acid response, a process that is replicated in cell culture through limitation for any single essential amino acid | Homo sapiens |
| physiological function | elevated expression of ASNS protein is associated with resistance to asparaginase therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and may be a predictive factor in drug sensitivity for certain solid tumors as well. Activation of the GCN2-eIF2-ATF4 signaling pathway, leading to increased ASNS expression, appears to be a component of solid tumor adaptation to nutrient deprivation and/or hypoxia, roles of the enzyme in fetal development, tissue differentiation, and tumor growth, overview. Possible correlation between ASNase sensitivity and the DNA methylation status of the ASNS gene | Homo sapiens |
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