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Literature summary for 6.3.1.2 extracted from

  • Tardito, S.; Oudin, A.; Ahmed, S.U.; Fack, F.; Keunen, O.; Zheng, L.; Miletic, H.; Sakariassen, P.?.; Weinstock, A.; Wagner, A.; Lindsay, S.L.; Hock, A.K.; Barnett, S.C.; Ruppin, E.; Morkve, S.H.; Lund-Johansen, M.; Chalmers, A.J.; Bjerkvig, R.; Niclou, S.P.; Gottlieb, E.
    Glutamine synthetase activity fuels nucleotide biosynthesis and supports growth of glutamine-restricted glioblastoma (2015), Nat. Cell Biol., 17, 1556-1568 .
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC
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Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions Comment Organism Structure
Mg2+ required Homo sapiens

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3 Homo sapiens
-
 ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 r

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Homo sapiens
-
-
-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
astrocyte
-
 Homo sapiens
-
glioblastoma cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-
glioma cell
-
 Homo sapiens
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
ATP + L-glutamate + NH3
-
 Homo sapiens ADP + phosphate + L-glutamine
-
 r

Cofactor

Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
ATP
-
 Homo sapiens

General Information

General Information Comment Organism
malfunction astrocytes enable the proliferation of GS-negative LN18 iRFP4 cells without Gln supplementation Homo sapiens
metabolism glutamine-starved GBM cells feed on astrocyte-derived glutamine. Only astrocytes demonstrate no net Gln consumption but rather, rapid Glu uptake, in line with the expression of excitatory amino acids transporters (EAAT) in this cell type. Under Gln starvation, Glu consumption is unaffected and paralleled by an equimolar net Gln efflux. The absence of Gln in the medium reduces intracellular Gln, but not Glu. Only 30-40% of both intracellular Glu and Gln are glucose-derived. Astrocytes maintain about 30% of the control level of intracellular Gln under Gln starvation, fitting with high enzyme expression. Astrocyte-derived Gln is the growth-supporting factor for Gln-starved glioblastoma cells Homo sapiens