Literature summary for 4.4.1.5 extracted from

Yadav, S.K.; Singla-Pareek, S.L.; Sopory, S.K.
An overview on the role of methylglyoxal and glyoxalases in plants (2008), Drug Metabol. Drug Interact., 23, 51-68.

Activating Compound

Activating Compound	Comment	Organism
6-benzylaminopurine	-	Pisum sativum
6-benzylaminopurine	-	Nicotiana sp.
abscisic acid	-	Solanum tuberosum
auxin	enhances activity of both gly I and II in Glycine max	Glycine max
indole acetic acid	stimulation of activity of glyoxalase I	Pisum sativum
kinetin	-	Pisum sativum
kinetin	-	Nicotiana sp.
light	red and blue light exposure increases gly I activity in dark-gron Amaranthus sp. indicating expression of enzyme is under stringent regulation by photoreceptors in plants	Amaranthus sp.
mannitol	-	Solanum tuberosum
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxai, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Amaranthus sp.
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Triticum aestivum
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Pisum sativum
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Solanum tuberosum
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Glycine max
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Oryza sativa
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Nicotiana sp.
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Brassica sp.
additional information	not only light but a number of other exogenous factors, such as hypoxia, temperature shock, and water stress, transduce their signal through Ca2+ that binds specific target proteins, including kinases, which in turn can activate gly I	Aloe vera
spermidine	-	Triticum aestivum
spermidine	-	Pisum sativum
spermidine	-	Solanum tuberosum
spermidine	gly I	Amaranthus sp.
spermidine	gly I	Oryza sativa
spermidine	gly I	Nicotiana sp.
spermidine	gly I	Aloe vera

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
Brassica sp. gly I, cloning and overexpression in tobacco, transgenic plants tolerate higher concentrations of NaCl	Glycine max
Brassica sp. gly I, cloning and overexpression in tobacco, transgenic plants tolerate higher concentrations of NaCl	Brassica sp.

Inhibitors

Inhibitors	Comment	Organism
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid	activity decreases by approximately 50% during differentiation in Brassica sp. gly I	Brassica sp.
1-Naphthaleneacetic acid	activity decreases by approximately 50% during differentiation in Brassica sp. gly I	Oryza sativa
benzyladenine	activity decreases by approximately 50% during differentiation in Brassica sp. gly I	Brassica sp.
benzyladenine	activity decreases by approximately 50% during differentiation in Brassica sp. gly I	Oryza sativa
Colchicine	decrease of activity of glyoxalase I	Oryza sativa
Colchicine	decrease of activity of glyoxalase I	Pisum sativum
vinblastine	decrease of activity of glyoxalase I	Oryza sativa
vinblastine	decrease of activity of glyoxalase I	Pisum sativum

KM Value [mM]

KM Value [mM]	KM Value Maximum [mM]	Substrate	Comment	Organism
0.061	-	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	Oryza sativa
0.12	-	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	Brassica sp. gly I	Brassica sp.
1.4	-	methylglyoxal	for the hemithioacetal as substrate	Aloe vera

Localization

Localization	Comment	Organism	GeneOntology No.	Textmining
cytosol	-	Triticum aestivum	5829	-
cytosol	-	Pisum sativum	5829	-
cytosol	-	Amaranthus sp.	5829	-
cytosol	-	Solanum tuberosum	5829	-
cytosol	-	Glycine max	5829	-
cytosol	-	Oryza sativa	5829	-
cytosol	-	Nicotiana sp.	5829	-
cytosol	-	Brassica sp.	5829	-
cytosol	-	Aloe vera	5829	-
membrane	associated	Triticum aestivum	16020	-
membrane	associated	Pisum sativum	16020	-
membrane	associated	Amaranthus sp.	16020	-
membrane	associated	Solanum tuberosum	16020	-
membrane	associated	Glycine max	16020	-
membrane	associated	Oryza sativa	16020	-
membrane	associated	Nicotiana sp.	16020	-
membrane	associated	Brassica sp.	16020	-
membrane	associated	Aloe vera	16020	-
mitochondrion	-	Triticum aestivum	5739	-
mitochondrion	-	Pisum sativum	5739	-
mitochondrion	-	Amaranthus sp.	5739	-
mitochondrion	-	Solanum tuberosum	5739	-
mitochondrion	-	Glycine max	5739	-
mitochondrion	-	Oryza sativa	5739	-
mitochondrion	-	Nicotiana sp.	5739	-
mitochondrion	-	Brassica sp.	5739	-
mitochondrion	-	Aloe vera	5739	-

Metals/Ions

Metals/Ions	Comment	Organism
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Triticum aestivum
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Pisum sativum
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Amaranthus sp.
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Solanum tuberosum
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Glycine max
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Oryza sativa
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Nicotiana sp.
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Brassica sp.
Ca2+	activation of gly I	Aloe vera
Zn2+	activates	Brassica juncea
Zn2+	binding affinity	Triticum aestivum
Zn2+	binding affinity	Pisum sativum
Zn2+	binding affinity	Amaranthus sp.
Zn2+	binding affinity	Solanum tuberosum
Zn2+	binding affinity	Glycine max
Zn2+	binding affinity	Oryza sativa
Zn2+	binding affinity	Nicotiana sp.
Zn2+	binding affinity	Brassica sp.
Zn2+	binding affinity	Aloe vera

Molecular Weight [Da]

Molecular Weight [Da]	Molecular Weight Maximum [Da]	Comment	Organism
37000	-	-	Triticum aestivum
37000	-	Triticum aestivum gly I enzyme is a monomer	Triticum aestivum
44000	-	-	Aloe vera
44000	-	enzyme is a monomer	Aloe vera
58000	-	-	Brassica oleracea
58000	-	Brassica gly I enzyme	Brassica sp.
60000	-	enzyme has two subunits	Glycine max

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Triticum aestivum	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Pisum sativum	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Solanum tuberosum	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Glycine max	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Oryza sativa	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Nicotiana sp.	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Brassica sp.	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Aloe vera	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	Amaranthus sp.	first step in the glyoxalase system	(R)S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
additional information	Triticum aestivum	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?
additional information	Pisum sativum	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?
additional information	Amaranthus sp.	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?
additional information	Solanum tuberosum	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?
additional information	Glycine max	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?
additional information	Oryza sativa	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?
additional information	Nicotiana sp.	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?
additional information	Brassica sp.	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?
additional information	Aloe vera	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	?	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Aloe vera	-	-	-
Amaranthus sp.	-	-	-
Brassica juncea	-	-	-
Brassica oleracea	-	-	-
Brassica sp.	-	-	-
Glycine max	-	soybean	-
Nicotiana sp.	-	-	-
Oryza sativa	-	-	-
Pisum sativum	-	-	-
Solanum lycopersicum	-	-	-
Solanum tuberosum	-	-	-
Triticum aestivum	-	-	-
Triticum aestivum	-	wheat	-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Triticum aestivum	-
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Pisum sativum	-
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Amaranthus sp.	-
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Solanum tuberosum	-
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Glycine max	-
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Oryza sativa	-
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Nicotiana sp.	-
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Brassica sp.	-
additional information	gly I is present in all types of cells and tissues	Aloe vera	-
additional information	present in all types of cells and tissues	Solanum lycopersicum	-
phloem	-	Triticum aestivum	-
phloem	-	Pisum sativum	-
phloem	-	Amaranthus sp.	-
phloem	-	Solanum tuberosum	-
phloem	-	Glycine max	-
phloem	-	Oryza sativa	-
phloem	-	Nicotiana sp.	-
phloem	-	Brassica sp.	-
phloem	-	Aloe vera	-
phloem	preferentially accumulated in phloem and sieve cells	Solanum lycopersicum	-
sieve cell	-	Triticum aestivum	-
sieve cell	-	Pisum sativum	-
sieve cell	-	Amaranthus sp.	-
sieve cell	-	Solanum tuberosum	-
sieve cell	-	Glycine max	-
sieve cell	-	Oryza sativa	-
sieve cell	-	Nicotiana sp.	-
sieve cell	-	Brassica sp.	-
sieve cell	-	Aloe vera	-
sieve cell	preferentially accumulated in phloem and sieve cells	Solanum lycopersicum	-
tuber	found to be conserved in tubers among different potato variants	Solanum tuberosum	-

Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]

Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg]	Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg]	Comment	Organism
additional information	-	activity of glyoxalase I in Pisum sativum shows linear progression with development of shoots and roots of seedlings, cell division and proliferation further modulate the activity	Pisum sativum

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.
glutathione + methylglyoxal	-	Aloe vera	S-D-lactoylglutathione	-	?
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Triticum aestivum	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Pisum sativum	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Solanum tuberosum	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Glycine max	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Oryza sativa	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Nicotiana sp.	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Brassica sp.	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Aloe vera	(R)-S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	first step in the glyoxalase system	Amaranthus sp.	(R)S-lactoylglutathione	-	r
methylglyoxal + glutathione	non-enzymatic formation of hemithioacteal as substrate for gly I	Aloe vera	S-((R)-lactoyl)glutathione	-	?
methylglyoxal + glutathione	non-enzymatic formation of hemithioacteal as substrate for gly I. The active site of gly I has binding affinity for zinc ion and hemithioacetal, and his His residue might be important for its catalytic activity	Brassica juncea	S-((R)-lactoyl)glutathione	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Triticum aestivum	?	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Pisum sativum	?	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Amaranthus sp.	?	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Solanum tuberosum	?	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Glycine max	?	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Oryza sativa	?	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Nicotiana sp.	?	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Brassica sp.	?	-	?
additional information	the glyoxalase system is an ubiquitous pathway for the detoxification of highly reactive ketoaldehydes	Aloe vera	?	-	?

Subunits

Subunits	Comment	Organism
dimer	2 * 27000-29000	Brassica oleracea
heterodimer	enzyme has 2 subunits	Brassica sp.
heterodimer	Glycine max gly I enzyme has 2 subunits	Glycine max
monomer	1 * 37000	Triticum aestivum
monomer	1 * 44000	Aloe vera
monomer	Aloe vera gly I	Aloe vera

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
glyoxalase I	-	Triticum aestivum
glyoxalase I	-	Pisum sativum
glyoxalase I	-	Amaranthus sp.
glyoxalase I	-	Solanum tuberosum
glyoxalase I	-	Glycine max
glyoxalase I	-	Oryza sativa
glyoxalase I	-	Nicotiana sp.
glyoxalase I	-	Brassica sp.
glyoxalase I	-	Aloe vera
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Triticum aestivum
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Pisum sativum
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Amaranthus sp.
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Solanum tuberosum
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Glycine max
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Oryza sativa
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Nicotiana sp.
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Brassica sp.
lactoylglutathione methylglyoxal lyase	-	Aloe vera

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism
glutathione	-	Triticum aestivum
glutathione	-	Pisum sativum
glutathione	-	Amaranthus sp.
glutathione	-	Solanum tuberosum
glutathione	-	Glycine max
glutathione	-	Oryza sativa
glutathione	-	Nicotiana sp.
glutathione	-	Brassica sp.
glutathione	-	Aloe vera

pI Value

Organism	Comment	pI Value Maximum	pI Value
Triticum aestivum	plant gly I ranges from 4.7-5.1	-	additional information
Pisum sativum	plant gly I ranges from 4.7-5.1	-	additional information
Amaranthus sp.	plant gly I ranges from 4.7-5.1	-	additional information
Solanum tuberosum	plant gly I ranges from 4.7-5.1	-	additional information
Glycine max	plant gly I ranges from 4.7-5.1	-	additional information
Nicotiana sp.	plant gly I ranges from 4.7-5.1	-	additional information
Brassica sp.	plant gly I ranges from 4.7-5.1	-	additional information
Aloe vera	-	-	7.8
Oryza sativa	mitochondrial form of Oryza sativa gly I	-	8.1