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Literature summary for 4.3.1.24 extracted from

  • Dressen, A.; Hilberath, T.; Mackfeld, U.; Billmeier, A.; Rudat, J.; Pohl, M.
    Phenylalanine ammonia lyase from Arabidopsis thaliana (AtPAL2) A potent MIO-enzyme for the synthesis of non-canonical aromatic alpha-amino acids Part I Comparative characterization to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium to the enzymes from Petroselinum crispum (PcPAL1) and Rhodosporidium toruloides (RtPAL) (2017), J. Biotechnol., 258, 148-157 .
    View publication on PubMed
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Application

Application Comment Organism
drug development AtPAL2 is a very good catalyst for the formation of 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine. Such noncanonical amino acids are valuable building blocks for the formation of various drug molecules Arabidopsis thaliana
synthesis AtPAL2 is a very good catalyst for the formation of 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine, 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine and 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine. Such noncanonical amino acids are valuable building blocks for the formation of various drug molecules Arabidopsis thaliana

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment) Organism
expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Arabidopsis thaliana
expression in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Petroselinum crispum

KM Value [mM]

KM Value [mM] KM Value Maximum [mM] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
0.05
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
0.05
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
0.05
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
0.05
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
1.68
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Arabidopsis thaliana P45724
-
-
Petroselinum crispum P24481
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment) Organism
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana
-
 Petroselinum crispum

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
2-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 50.5% conversion Petroselinum crispum 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 96.4% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 2-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 95.8% conversion Petroselinum crispum 2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 96.1% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 2-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 15.5% conversion Petroselinum crispum 2-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 22.0% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 2-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 54.6% conversion Petroselinum crispum 2-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
2-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 52.7% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 2-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 91.7% conversion Petroselinum crispum 3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 92.6% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 3-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 52.1% conversion Petroselinum crispum 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 91.2% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 3-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 70.6% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 3-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 85.7% conversion Petroselinum crispum 3-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 85.0% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 3-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
3-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 85.7% conversion Petroselinum crispum 3-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 89.1% conversion Petroselinum crispum 4-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-chloro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 91.7% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 4-chloro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 65.9% conversion Petroselinum crispum 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-fluoro-trans-cinnamate + NH3 84.7% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 0.8% conversion Petroselinum crispum 4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-hydroxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 0.9% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 4-hydroxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 6.4% conversion Petroselinum crispum 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
4-methoxy-trans-cinnamate + NH3 2.5% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana 4-methoxy-L-phenylalanine
-
 ?
L-phenylalanine the enzyme is specific for L-phenylalanine Petroselinum crispum trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
 r
L-phenylalanine the enzyme is specific for L-phenylalanine, and shows low activity with L-tyrosine Arabidopsis thaliana trans-cinnamate + NH3
-
 ?
L-tyrosine the enzyme is specific for L-phenylalanine, and shows low activity with L-tyrosine Arabidopsis thaliana trans-p-hydroxycinnamate + NH3
-
 ?
trans-cinnamate + NH3 85.2% conversion Petroselinum crispum L-phenylalanine
-
 r
trans-cinnamate + NH3 89.6% conversion Arabidopsis thaliana L-phenylalanine
-
 ?

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
AtPAL2
-
 Arabidopsis thaliana
PcPAL1
-
 Petroselinum crispum

Temperature Optimum [°C]

Temperature Optimum [°C] Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
55 60 deamination activity Arabidopsis thaliana
55 60 deamination activity Petroselinum crispum

Temperature Range [°C]

Temperature Minimum [°C] Temperature Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
30 55 increase of deamination activity from 30°C-55°C Arabidopsis thaliana
30 55 increase of deamination activity from 30°C-55°C Petroselinum crispum

Temperature Stability [°C]

Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] Comment Organism
30
-
 half-life: 3.4 days Petroselinum crispum
30
-
 half-life: 4.6 days Arabidopsis thaliana

Turnover Number [1/s]

Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
0.05
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
0.39
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
0.46
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
2.6
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
2.64
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Petroselinum crispum

pH Optimum

pH Optimum Minimum pH Optimum Maximum Comment Organism
8 9 deamination activity Arabidopsis thaliana
8 9 deamination and amination activity Petroselinum crispum
10.5
-
 amination activity Arabidopsis thaliana

Cofactor

Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
3,5-dihydro-5-methylidene-4H-imidazol-4-one the cofactor is regenerated during the reaction cycle and thus does not require external cofactor regeneration Arabidopsis thaliana

kcat/KM [mM/s]

kcat/KM Value [1/mMs-1] kcat/KM Value Maximum [1/mMs-1] Substrate Comment Organism Structure
0.03
-
 L-tyrosine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
8.19
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana
9.13
-
 trans-cinnamate pH 10, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
55.06
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Petroselinum crispum
56.62
-
 L-phenylalanine pH 8.8, 30°C Arabidopsis thaliana