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Literature summary for 4.1.1.15 extracted from

  • Satta, R.; Maloku, E.; Zhubi, A.; Pibiri, F.; Hajos, M.; Costa, E.; Guidotti, A.
    Nicotine decreases DNA methyltransferase 1 expression and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 promoter methylation in GABAergic interneurons (2008), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 105, 16356-16361.
    View publication on PubMedView publication on EuropePMC

Activating Compound

Activating Compound Comment Organism Structure
additional information nicotine decreases inhibitory DNA-methyltransferase 1 mRNA and protein and increases GAD67 expression in the mouse frontal cortex, it diminishes the level of cytosine-5-methylation in the GAD67 promoter and prevents the methionine-induced hypermethylation of the same promoter. Nicotine effects are prevented by pretreatment with mecamylamine, overview Mus musculus

Application

Application Comment Organism
diagnostics the enzyme is a potential important marker for the prediction and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes Homo sapiens
pharmacology the enzyme is a potential important marker for the prediction and diagnosis of type 1 diabetes, and for the development of antigen-specific therapies for the treatment of type 1 diabetes Homo sapiens

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment) Organism
gene GAD65, recombinant expression of full-length human GAD65 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii strain 137c chloroplast genome under the control of the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast rbcL promoter and 5'- and 3'-UTRs by particle bombardment Homo sapiens
gene GAD67, expression analysis Mus musculus

Protein Variants

Protein Variants Comment Organism
additional information construction of transgenic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii expressing the human enzyme in chloroplasts, expression analysis and immunohistochemic protein detection, overview Homo sapiens

Inhibitors

Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
additional information downregulation of reelin and GAD67 expression by the increase of DNA-methyltransferase 1-mediated hypermethylation of promoters in GABAergic interneurons of the telencephalon Mus musculus

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
L-glutamate Homo sapiens human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 is a key autoantigen in type 1 diabetes 4-aminobutanoate + CO2
-
?
L-glutamate Mus musculus nicotine, by activating nAChRs located on cortical or hippocampal GABAergic interneurons, can up-regulate GAD67 expression via an epigenetic mechanism 4-aminobutanoate + CO2
-
?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Homo sapiens
-
gene GAD65
-
Mus musculus
-
-
-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
brain
-
Mus musculus
-
frontal lobe
-
Mus musculus
-
hippocampus
-
Mus musculus
-
neuron GABAergic interneuron Mus musculus
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
L-glutamate
-
Mus musculus 4-aminobutanoate + CO2
-
?
L-glutamate
-
Homo sapiens 4-aminobutanoate + CO2
-
?
L-glutamate human glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 is a key autoantigen in type 1 diabetes Homo sapiens 4-aminobutanoate + CO2
-
?
L-glutamate nicotine, by activating nAChRs located on cortical or hippocampal GABAergic interneurons, can up-regulate GAD67 expression via an epigenetic mechanism Mus musculus 4-aminobutanoate + CO2
-
?

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
GAD65
-
Homo sapiens
GAD67
-
Mus musculus
glutamic acid decarboxylase 67
-
Mus musculus
glutamic acid decarboxylase-65
-
Homo sapiens