Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
cytoplasm | the enzyme predominantly localizes in the cytoplasm and diffuses or is actively transported into the nucleus | Homo sapiens | 5737 | - |
nucleus | the enzyme predominantly localizes in the cytoplasm and diffuses or is actively transported into the nucleus | Homo sapiens | 5634 | - |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O | Homo sapiens | the enzyme deaminates DNA at transcribed Ig genes. Expressed immunoglobulin genes undergo alterations in sequence and genomic structure in order to optimize antibody function. A single B cell-specific factor, activation-induced deaminase (AID), initiates these changes by deamination of cytosine to uracil. At the Ig loci of B-cells, AID-initiated damage is processed to produce three distinct outcomes: somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination and gene conversion | uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3 | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | Q9GZX7 | - |
- |
Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
phosphoprotein | phosphorylation of S38 is essential for activation-induced deaminase interaction with replication protein A (RPA). The residue S38 is a target for phosphorylation by protein kinase A. Phosphorylation of AID significantly increases its deaminase activity on duplexDNA, although the phosphorylated enzyme still retains its preference for single-stranded substrates | Homo sapiens |
Source Tissue | Comment | Organism | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
B-lymphocyte | the enzyme is specifically expresssed in germinal center B-cells | Homo sapiens | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O | the enzyme deaminates DNA at transcribed Ig genes. Expressed immunoglobulin genes undergo alterations in sequence and genomic structure in order to optimize antibody function. A single B cell-specific factor, activation-induced deaminase (AID), initiates these changes by deamination of cytosine to uracil. At the Ig loci of B-cells, AID-initiated damage is processed to produce three distinct outcomes: somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination and gene conversion | Homo sapiens | uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3 | - |
? | |
cytosine in single-stranded DNA + H2O | the enzyme preferentially deaminates cytosine to uracil in single-stranded and not double-stranded DNA the enzyme deaminates DNA at transcribed Ig genes | Homo sapiens | uracil in single-stranded DNA + NH3 | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
activation-induced deaminase | - |
Homo sapiens |
AICDA | - |
Homo sapiens |
AID | - |
Homo sapiens |
Organism | Comment | Expression |
---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | the enzyme is expressed in response to antigen activation | up |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
malfunction | deficiency in activation-induced deaminase is responsible for a human immunodeficiency | Homo sapiens |
physiological function | expressed immunoglobulin genes undergo alterations in sequence and genomic structure in order to optimize antibody function. The B cell-specific activation-induced deaminase (AID), initiates these changes by deamination of cytosine to uracil. At the Ig loci of B-cells, AID-initiated damage is processed to produce three distinct outcomes: somatic hypermutation, class switch recombination and gene conversion | Homo sapiens |