Application | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
drug development | the enzyme is a particularly attractive therapeutic target for breast cancer because it is recruited by the estrogen receptor to endoplasmic reticulum target gene promoters where it citrullinates histone H3 at R26, leading to ER-target gene activation | Homo sapiens |
Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
- |
Homo sapiens |
Crystallization (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
27 structures and calcium-titrations by X-ray crystallography to determine order of binding and affinity for the six calcium ions that bind and activate the enzyme | Homo sapiens |
sitting-drop vapor-diffusion technique at 23°C, apoPAD2 crystals with increasing concentrations of calcium (0-10 mM), 16 structures are solved at eight different calcium concentrations to 1.66-1.97 A | Homo sapiens |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
C647A | loss of activity | Homo sapiens |
D123N | 2.5fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
D123N | 2.5fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
D125A | 2.75fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
D125A | 2.75fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
D166A | 15fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
D166A | 85fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
D169A | 2fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
D169A | 2fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
D177A | 15fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
D177A | 15fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
D370A | 145fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
D370A | 220fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
D374A | 145fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
D374A | 85fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
D389A | 20fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
D389A | 20fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
E352A | 1250fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
E352A | 220fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
E354A | 2000fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
E412A | 200fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
E412A | 3300fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
F221A/F222A | 1.1fold increase in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
F221A/F222A | slight increase in activity, mutations do not significantly alter the calcium dependence of the enzyme | Homo sapiens |
Q350A | 2350fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
Q350A | 3000fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
R347A | 50fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
R347A | fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
R373A | 2000fold decrease in activity | Homo sapiens |
W348A | loss of activity | Homo sapiens |
W373A | 50fold decrease in kcat/Km compared to wild-type value with N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester as substrate | Homo sapiens |
KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.1 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant F221A/F222A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.1 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme F221A/F222A | Homo sapiens | |
0.12 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D123N, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.12 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D123N | Homo sapiens | |
0.14 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D125A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.14 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D125A | Homo sapiens | |
0.16 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | wild-type, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.16 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, wild-type enzyme | Homo sapiens | |
0.25 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D169A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.25 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D169A | Homo sapiens | |
0.33 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D166A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.33 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D166A | Homo sapiens | |
0.6 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D389A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.6 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D389A | Homo sapiens | |
2.4 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D177A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
2.4 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D177A | Homo sapiens | |
3.4 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant E352A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
3.4 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme E352A | Homo sapiens | |
4.4 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant R347A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
4.4 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme R347 | Homo sapiens | |
5 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D370A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
5 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D370A | Homo sapiens | |
6.3 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant Q350A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
6.3 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme Q350A | Homo sapiens | |
8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D374A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D374A | Homo sapiens | |
13 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant E412A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
13 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme E412A | Homo sapiens | |
30 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant R373A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
30 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme W373A | Homo sapiens |
Metals/Ions | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
Ca2+ | absolutely required, K0.5 value 0.18 mM. The enzyme binds calcium in a stepwise fashion | Homo sapiens | |
Ca2+ | the concentration of calcium required for in vitro activity is at least 10 times higher than cellular calcium concentrations (i.e., 0.0001-0.010 mM). Calcium binding occurs in an ordered fashion. A calcium switch (calcium binding sites 3, 4, and 5) controls the overall calcium dependence of the enzyme | Homo sapiens |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Homo sapiens | Q9Y2J8 | - |
- |
Purification (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
- |
Homo sapiens |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester + H2O | - |
Homo sapiens | N-alpha-benzoyl-L-citrulline ethyl ester + NH3 | - |
? | |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester + H2O | - |
Homo sapiens | N-alpha-benzoyl-L-citrulline methyl ester + NH3 | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
PAD2 | - |
Homo sapiens |
Padi2 | - |
Homo sapiens |
Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] | Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.03 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant Q350A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.03 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme Q350A | Homo sapiens | |
0.1 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant E412A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.1 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme E412A | Homo sapiens | |
0.2 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant R373A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.2 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme W373A | Homo sapiens | |
0.25 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant E352A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.25 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme E352A | Homo sapiens | |
0.35 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D166A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.35 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D166A | Homo sapiens | |
0.51 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D389A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.51 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D389A | Homo sapiens | |
0.6 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D370A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.6 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D370A | Homo sapiens | |
0.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D123N, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D125A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D123N | Homo sapiens | |
0.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D125A | Homo sapiens | |
1.53 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant R347A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
1.53 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme R347 | Homo sapiens | |
1.55 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D374A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
1.55 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D374A | Homo sapiens | |
1.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D169A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
1.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant F221A/F222A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
1.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D169A | Homo sapiens | |
1.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme F221A/F222A | Homo sapiens | |
2.65 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, wild-type enzyme | Homo sapiens | |
2.65 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | wild-type, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
2.65 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D177A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
2.65 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D177A | Homo sapiens |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
malfunction | calcium-dependent histone-modifying enzymes whose activity is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases and cancer | Homo sapiens |
metabolism | protein arginine deiminases are calcium-dependent histone-modifying enzymes whose activity is dysregulated in inflammatory diseases and cancer. PAD2 functions as an estrogen receptor (ER) coactivator in breast cancer cells via the citrullination of histone tail arginine residues at ER binding sites | Homo sapiens |
kcat/KM Value [1/mMs-1] | kcat/KM Value Maximum [1/mMs-1] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.005 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme Q350A | Homo sapiens | |
0.007 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant E412A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.007 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant R373A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.007 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme E412A | Homo sapiens | |
0.007 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme W373A | Homo sapiens | |
0.05 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant Q350A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.075 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant E352A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.075 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme E352A | Homo sapiens | |
0.115 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D370A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.115 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D370A | Homo sapiens | |
0.195 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D374A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.195 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D374A | Homo sapiens | |
0.35 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant R347A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.35 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme R347 | Homo sapiens | |
0.845 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D389A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
0.845 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D389A | Homo sapiens | |
1.065 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D166A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
1.065 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D166A | Homo sapiens | |
1.1 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D177A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
1.1 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D177A | Homo sapiens | |
6 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D125A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
6 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D125A | Homo sapiens | |
6.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D123N, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
6.8 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D123N | Homo sapiens | |
7.9 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant D169A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
7.9 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme D169A | Homo sapiens | |
16.5 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, wild-type enzyme | Homo sapiens | |
16.5 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | wild-type, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
18 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | mutant F221A/F222A, pH 7.6, 37°C | Homo sapiens | |
18 | - |
N-alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester | pH 7.6, 37°C, mutant enzyme F221A/F222A | Homo sapiens |