Application | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
medicine | localized injections of BoNT/A are widely employed in clinical neurology to treat several human diseases characterized by muscle hyperactivity | Clostridium botulinum |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNAP-25 + H2O | Clostridium botulinum | i.e. 25-kDa synaptosome-associated protein, substrate of BoNT/A, /E, and /C | ? | - |
? | |
VAMP + H2O | Clostridium botulinum | i.e. vesicle-associated membrane protein/synaptobrevin, substrate of BoNT/B, /D, /F, /G, and /C | ? | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Clostridium botulinum | - |
seven serotypes of BoNTs | - |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SNAP-25 + H2O | i.e. 25-kDa synaptosome-associated protein, substrate of BoNT/A, /E, and /C | Clostridium botulinum | ? | - |
? | |
VAMP + H2O | i.e. vesicle-associated membrane protein/synaptobrevin, substrate of BoNT/B, /D, /F, /G, and /C | Clostridium botulinum | ? | - |
? |
Subunits | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
More | each toxin is composed of a heavy, HC, 100 kDa, and a light chain, L, 50 kDa, linked by a disulfide bond and non-covalent interactions | Clostridium botulinum |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
BoNT/A | - |
Clostridium botulinum |
botulinum neurotoxin a | - |
Clostridium botulinum |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | retrograde transport and transcytosis of catalytically active BoNT/A in cells, mechanisms, overview | Clostridium botulinum |
physiological function | BoNT/A is a metalloprotease that enters peripheral motor nerve terminals and blocks the release of acetylcholine via the specific cleavage of the synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa. The C-terminus of the heavy chain. HC binds with extraordinary specificity to nerve terminals. Following receptor-mediated endocytosis and acidification of the endosome, the N-terminal portion of the heavy chain, HN, translocates LC across the vesicular membrane into the cytosol. LC acts as Zn2+-dependent endopeptidase to cleave essential protein components of the neurotransmitter release machinery, the SNARE, i.e. soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor, proteins. This results in disruption of Ca2+-triggered fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane. Central effects of BoNT/A and mechanism, detailed overview | Clostridium botulinum |