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Literature summary for 1.4.3.1 extracted from

  • Katane, M.; Homma, H.
    D-aspartate oxidase: The sole catabolic enzyme acting on free D-aspartate in mammals (2010), Chem. Biodivers., 7, 1435-1449.
    View publication on PubMed

Application

Application Comment Organism
drug development a DDO inhibitor that augments brain D-Asp levels can be a potent antipsychotic drug for the treatment of NMDA receptor-related disease Mus musculus
drug development a DDO inhibitor that augments brain D-Asp levels can be a potent antipsychotic drug for the treatment of NMDA receptor-related disease Homo sapiens

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment) Organism
-
Vanrija humicola
from brain, expressed in Escherichia coli Homo sapiens
from kidney, expressed in Escherichia coli Mus musculus
from kidney, expressed in Escherichia coli Sus scrofa
from kidney, expressed in Escherichia coli Bos taurus

Protein Variants

Protein Variants Comment Organism
additional information intense D-Asp immunoreactivity is observed in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland of the DDO-deficient mice, phenotype of DDO-deficient mice, detailed overview Mus musculus
R216X activities of mouse DDO against acidic D-amino acids are virtually extinguished or significantly reduced by replacements of the Arg216 residue with other amino acid residues Mus musculus
R237X activities of mouse DDO against acidic D-amino acids are virtually extinguished or significantly reduced by replacements of the Arg237 residue with other amino acid residues Mus musculus
S308G the mutation results in lack of a side-chain OH group at position 308, and increases mutant enzyme catalytic efficiency against D-Asp and NMDA to about 7-10times higher than that of the wild-type enzyme. Moreover, the dissociation-constant value for FAD of this Gly-substitution mutant is significantly lower than that of the wild-type enzyme, suggesting that it has enhanced ability to bind to FAD Mus musculus

Inhibitors

Inhibitors Comment Organism Structure
malonate
-
Bos taurus
malonate
-
Caenorhabditis elegans
malonate
-
Homo sapiens
malonate
-
Mus musculus
malonate
-
Ovis aries
malonate
-
Rattus norvegicus
malonate
-
Sus scrofa
malonate
-
Vanrija humicola
meso-tartrate
-
Bos taurus
meso-tartrate
-
Caenorhabditis elegans
meso-tartrate
-
Homo sapiens
meso-tartrate
-
Mus musculus
meso-tartrate
-
Ovis aries
meso-tartrate
-
Rattus norvegicus
meso-tartrate
-
Sus scrofa
meso-tartrate
-
Vanrija humicola
thiolactomycin
-
Bos taurus
thiolactomycin
-
Caenorhabditis elegans
thiolactomycin
-
Homo sapiens
thiolactomycin
-
Mus musculus
thiolactomycin
-
Ovis aries
thiolactomycin
-
Rattus norvegicus
thiolactomycin
-
Sus scrofa
thiolactomycin
-
Vanrija humicola

Localization

Localization Comment Organism GeneOntology No. Textmining
axon
-
Rattus norvegicus 30424
-
cytoplasm DDO-2 Caenorhabditis elegans 5737
-
extracellular DDO-3 Caenorhabditis elegans
-
-
heterochromatin in magnocellular neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus, but not in other subcellular structures of the nucleus and soma, including the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm Rattus norvegicus 792
-
nucleolus in magnocellular neurons of the rat supraoptic nucleus Rattus norvegicus 5730
-
peroxisome
-
Mus musculus 5777
-
peroxisome
-
Homo sapiens 5777
-
peroxisome
-
Rattus norvegicus 5777
-
peroxisome
-
Sus scrofa 5777
-
peroxisome
-
Bos taurus 5777
-
peroxisome
-
Ovis aries 5777
-
peroxisome DDO-1 Caenorhabditis elegans 5777
-

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates Organism Comment (Nat. Sub.) Natural Products Comment (Nat. Pro.) Rev. Reac.
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Mus musculus
-
oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Homo sapiens
-
oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Rattus norvegicus
-
oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Sus scrofa
-
oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Bos taurus
-
oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Ovis aries
-
oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Caenorhabditis elegans
-
oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Vanrija humicola
-
oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-glutamate + H2O + O2 Caenorhabditis elegans preferred substrate. It is possible that excess amounts of D-Glu are as toxic for Caenorhabditis elegans as they are for the silkworm, and that Caenorhabditis elegans needs DDOs to deaminate D-Glu and thereby neutralize the toxicity of diet-derived D-Glu 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
additional information Caenorhabditis elegans H2O2 that is generated in the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by Caenorhabditis elegans DDO-1 and DDO-2 is conceivably degraded by catalase colocalized with each DDO ?
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Mus musculus
-
oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Homo sapiens
-
oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Rattus norvegicus
-
oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Sus scrofa
-
oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Bos taurus
-
oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Ovis aries
-
oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2 Caenorhabditis elegans
-
oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?

Organism

Organism UniProt Comment Textmining
Bos taurus
-
-
-
Caenorhabditis elegans
-
at least three genes encoding functional DDO isozymes DDO-1, DDO-2, and DDO-3
-
Homo sapiens
-
-
-
Mus musculus
-
-
-
Ovis aries
-
-
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
-
-
Sus scrofa
-
-
-
Vanrija humicola
-
-
-

Purification (Commentary)

Purification (Comment) Organism
recombinant enzyme Vanrija humicola
recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli Mus musculus
recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli Homo sapiens
recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli Sus scrofa
recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli Bos taurus

Source Tissue

Source Tissue Comment Organism Textmining
adrenal gland
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
adrenal gland adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla epinephrine cells Mus musculus
-
brain cerebellar cortex Bergmann glia Mus musculus
-
brain embryonic, D-Asp initially emerges in the hindbrain and then spreads into the forebrain. Within nerve cells of the rat embryonic brain, D-Asp first occurs in the cell bodies of neuroblasts in the outer layer of the neuronal epithelium, and then it appears in the processes of the cells Rattus norvegicus
-
cerebral cortex relatively high enzyme expression just after birth, the content gradually decreases thereafter Homo sapiens
-
cerebrum relatively high enzyme expression just after birth, the content gradually decreases thereafter Rattus norvegicus
-
follicular fluid
-
Homo sapiens
-
gastric juice
-
Homo sapiens
-
hippocampus
-
Mus musculus
-
hypothalamus in the cell bodies of the neurons Rattus norvegicus
-
kidney
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
kidney
-
Sus scrofa
-
kidney
-
Bos taurus
-
kidney
-
Ovis aries
-
kidney in Bowman's capsule, renal thin limbs of Henle's loop Mus musculus
-
Leydig cell
-
Mus musculus
-
liver
-
Mus musculus
-
liver
-
Homo sapiens
-
liver
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
additional information development-related patterns of D-Asp expression differ among various mammalian tissues, overview Mus musculus
-
additional information development-related patterns of D-Asp expression differ among various mammalian tissues, overview Homo sapiens
-
additional information development-related patterns of D-Asp expression differ among various mammalian tissues, overview Rattus norvegicus
-
additional information development-related patterns of D-Asp expression differ among various mammalian tissues, overview Sus scrofa
-
additional information development-related patterns of D-Asp expression differ among various mammalian tissues, overview Bos taurus
-
additional information development-related patterns of D-Asp expression differ among various mammalian tissues, overview Ovis aries
-
neuron primary cultured Rattus norvegicus
-
pancreas
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
PC-12 cell pheochromocytoma cells Rattus norvegicus
-
pineal gland D-Asp content in the adult rat pineal gland is very high, especially in the distal (caudal) region of the gland, little staining is found in the proximal (rostral) region Rattus norvegicus
-
pinealocyte
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
pituitary gland intermediate lobe Mus musculus
-
pituitary gland prolactin-producing cells in the anterior lobe and microglial cells in the posterior lobe, D-Asp immunoreactivity is observed specifically in prolactin-producing mammotrophs or in a closely related cell type Rattus norvegicus
-
retina
-
Mus musculus
-
retina
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
salivary gland
-
Homo sapiens
-
salivary gland
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
spermatozoon
-
Homo sapiens
-
testis
-
Mus musculus
-
testis
-
Rattus norvegicus
-
testis
-
Sus scrofa
-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates Comment Substrates Organism Products Comment (Products) Rev. Reac.
D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Mus musculus oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Homo sapiens oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Rattus norvegicus oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Sus scrofa oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Bos taurus oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Ovis aries oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Caenorhabditis elegans oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Vanrija humicola oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 in the first step of the reaction, which is the only enzymatic step of the whole reaction scheme, DDO catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a D-amino acid to generate the corresponding imino acid, coupled with the reduction of FAD. Subsequently, FAD reoxidizes spontaneously in the presence of O2, producing H2O2, while the imino acid nonenzymatically hydrolyzes to 2-oxo acid and NH3 Mus musculus oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 in the first step of the reaction, which is the only enzymatic step of the whole reaction scheme, DDO catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a D-amino acid to generate the corresponding imino acid, coupled with the reduction of FAD. Subsequently, FAD reoxidizes spontaneously in the presence of O2, producing H2O2, while the imino acid nonenzymatically hydrolyzes to 2-oxo acid and NH3 Homo sapiens oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 in the first step of the reaction, which is the only enzymatic step of the whole reaction scheme, DDO catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a D-amino acid to generate the corresponding imino acid, coupled with the reduction of FAD. Subsequently, FAD reoxidizes spontaneously in the presence of O2, producing H2O2, while the imino acid nonenzymatically hydrolyzes to 2-oxo acid and NH3 Rattus norvegicus oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 in the first step of the reaction, which is the only enzymatic step of the whole reaction scheme, DDO catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a D-amino acid to generate the corresponding imino acid, coupled with the reduction of FAD. Subsequently, FAD reoxidizes spontaneously in the presence of O2, producing H2O2, while the imino acid nonenzymatically hydrolyzes to 2-oxo acid and NH3 Sus scrofa oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 in the first step of the reaction, which is the only enzymatic step of the whole reaction scheme, DDO catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a D-amino acid to generate the corresponding imino acid, coupled with the reduction of FAD. Subsequently, FAD reoxidizes spontaneously in the presence of O2, producing H2O2, while the imino acid nonenzymatically hydrolyzes to 2-oxo acid and NH3 Bos taurus oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 in the first step of the reaction, which is the only enzymatic step of the whole reaction scheme, DDO catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a D-amino acid to generate the corresponding imino acid, coupled with the reduction of FAD. Subsequently, FAD reoxidizes spontaneously in the presence of O2, producing H2O2, while the imino acid nonenzymatically hydrolyzes to 2-oxo acid and NH3 Ovis aries oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-aspartate + H2O + O2 in the first step of the reaction, which is the only enzymatic step of the whole reaction scheme, DDO catalyzes the dehydrogenation of a D-amino acid to generate the corresponding imino acid, coupled with the reduction of FAD. Subsequently, FAD reoxidizes spontaneously in the presence of O2, producing H2O2, while the imino acid nonenzymatically hydrolyzes to 2-oxo acid and NH3 Caenorhabditis elegans oxaloacetate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-glutamate + H2O + O2 preferred substrate Caenorhabditis elegans 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
D-glutamate + H2O + O2 preferred substrate. It is possible that excess amounts of D-Glu are as toxic for Caenorhabditis elegans as they are for the silkworm, and that Caenorhabditis elegans needs DDOs to deaminate D-Glu and thereby neutralize the toxicity of diet-derived D-Glu Caenorhabditis elegans 2-oxoglutarate + NH3 + H2O2
-
?
additional information H2O2 that is generated in the enzymatic reaction catalyzed by Caenorhabditis elegans DDO-1 and DDO-2 is conceivably degraded by catalase colocalized with each DDO Caenorhabditis elegans ?
-
?
additional information Arg216, Tyr223, Arg237, Arg278, and Ser308 residues of DDO are presumed to be important in catalytic activity and substrate binding Sus scrofa ?
-
?
additional information Arg216, Tyr223, Arg237, Arg278, and Ser308 residues of DDO are presumed to be important in catalytic activity and substrate binding, overview Mus musculus ?
-
?
additional information in contrast to the mammalian and Cryptococcus humicola DDOs, the three kinds of Caenorhabditis elegans DDOs show relatively higher catalytic efficiency against D-Glu than against D-Asp and NMDA Caenorhabditis elegans ?
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Mus musculus oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Homo sapiens oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Rattus norvegicus oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Sus scrofa oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Bos taurus oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Ovis aries oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?
N-methyl-D-aspartate + H2O + O2
-
Caenorhabditis elegans oxaloacetate + methylamine + H2O2
-
?

Subunits

Subunits Comment Organism
? x * 37000-38000 Mus musculus
? x * 37000-38000 Homo sapiens
? x * 37000-38000 Rattus norvegicus
homotetramer 4 * 37000-38000 Sus scrofa
homotetramer 4 * 37000-38000 Vanrija humicola
monomer 1 * 37000-38000 Bos taurus
More three-dimensional structure by homology-modeling Mus musculus
More three-dimensional structure by homology-modeling Sus scrofa

Synonyms

Synonyms Comment Organism
DDO
-
Mus musculus
DDO
-
Homo sapiens
DDO
-
Rattus norvegicus
DDO
-
Sus scrofa
DDO
-
Bos taurus
DDO
-
Ovis aries
DDO
-
Caenorhabditis elegans
DDO
-
Vanrija humicola

Cofactor

Cofactor Comment Organism Structure
FAD one molecule of FAD is noncovalently bound to one molecule of DDO Ovis aries
FAD one molecule of FAD is noncovalently bound to one molecule of DDO Caenorhabditis elegans
FAD one molecule of FAD is noncovalently bound to one molecule of DDO, the enzyme contains a FAD-binding consensus sequence Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly Mus musculus
FAD one molecule of FAD is noncovalently bound to one molecule of DDO, the enzyme contains a FAD-binding consensus sequence Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly Homo sapiens
FAD one molecule of FAD is noncovalently bound to one molecule of DDO, the enzyme contains a FAD-binding consensus sequence Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly Rattus norvegicus
FAD one molecule of FAD is noncovalently bound to one molecule of DDO, the enzyme contains a FAD-binding consensus sequence Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly Sus scrofa
FAD one molecule of FAD is noncovalently bound to one molecule of DDO, the enzyme contains a FAD-binding consensus sequence Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly Bos taurus
FAD one molecule of FAD is noncovalently bound to one molecule of DDO, the enzyme contains a FAD-binding consensus sequence Gly-X-Gly-X-X-Gly Vanrija humicola

General Information

General Information Comment Organism
additional information melatonin secretion and D-Asp release from pinealocytes are enhanced by stimulation with noradrenaline, after which the melatonin secretion is suppressed by the action of the released D-Asp on the cells. Through this negative feedback mechanism, noradrenaline may regulate its ability to induce melatonin secretion in the pineal gland Rattus norvegicus
physiological function D-Asp is important in the development and neurogenesis of the brain. D-Asp plays a regulatory role in the synthesis and secretion of prolactin in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. D-Asp directly interacts with DNA and/or acts on nuclear protein(s) involved in the regulation of gene transcription, through which d-Asp controls gene expression in the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system Rattus norvegicus
physiological function relevance of D-Asp and DDO to NMDA receptor-related disease, D-Asp protects against sensorimotor-gating deficits, which are observed in schizophrenic patients, overview. D-Asp is important in the development and neurogenesis of the brain Homo sapiens
physiological function relevance of D-Asp and DDO to NMDA receptor-related disease, overview. Phenotype of DDO-deficient mice, DDO-deficient mice display significant deficits in prepulse inhibition, and exhibit reduced immobility time in the Porsolt forced-swim test, a model of depression, suggesting that the genetic ablation of DDO has a specific antidepressant action, overview Mus musculus