Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
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gene CCR, recombinant overexpression of chimeric 4CL1-CCR in Escherichia coli strain M15 supplemented with phenylpropanoic acids. Three 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes, p-coumaraldehyde, caffealdehyde and coniferaldehyde, are thereby biosynthesized and secreted into the culture medium, identification of phenylpropanoic acids and 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes by HPLCPDAESIMSn | Populus tomentosa |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | 4-coumaric acid:coenzyme A ligase (4CL1) and cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase (CCR) are fused by means of genetic engineering to generate an artificial bifunctional enzyme. Chimeric 4CL1-CCR is overexpressed in Escherichia coli supplemented with phenylpropanoic acids. Three 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes, p-coumaraldehyde, caffealdehyde and coniferaldehyde, are thereby biosynthesized and secreted into the culture medium. Extracellular hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA thioesters are not detected, hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA thioesters accumulate only in the cell, because they cannot freely pass through the cellular membrane. The fusion enzyme 4CL1-CCR can catalyze sequential multistep reactions, thereby avoiding the permeability problem of intermediates, which reveals its superiority over a mixture of individual native enzymes. The bifunctional enzyme 4CL1-CCR plays a central role in cellular metabolism by converting phenylpropanoic acids to their corresponding cinnamaldehydes | Populus tomentosa |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | Populus tomentosa | - |
4-coumaraldehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | Populus tomentosa | - |
caffealdehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | Populus tomentosa | - |
coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
additional information | Populus tomentosa | CCR converts hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA thioesters to their corresponding cinnamaldehydes in the presence of NADPH | ? | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Populus tomentosa | B3VKV0 | - |
- |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | - |
Populus tomentosa | 4-coumaraldehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
4-coumaroyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | chimeric 4CL1-CCR fusion enzyme | Populus tomentosa | 4-coumaraldehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | - |
Populus tomentosa | caffealdehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
caffeoyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | chimeric 4CL1-CCR fusion enzyme | Populus tomentosa | caffealdehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | - |
Populus tomentosa | coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
feruloyl-CoA + NADPH + H+ | chimeric 4CL1-CCR fusion enzyme | Populus tomentosa | coniferaldehyde + CoA + NADP+ | - |
? | |
additional information | CCR converts hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA thioesters to their corresponding cinnamaldehydes in the presence of NADPH | Populus tomentosa | ? | - |
? | |
additional information | no activity with sinapoyl-CoA by chimeric 4CL1-CCR fusion enzyme | Populus tomentosa | ? | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
CCR | - |
Populus tomentosa |
cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase | - |
Populus tomentosa |
Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
NADPH | - |
Populus tomentosa |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
metabolism | the formation of 4-hydroxycinnamaldehydes is catalyzed by 4-coumaric acid:coenzyme A ligase (4CL1) and cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase (CCR). 4-Hydroxycinnamaldehydes are a class of natural plant secondary products that includes coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, 4-coumaraldehyde and caffealdehyde. They are involved in several secondary metabolism pathways, such as those involved in the biosynthesis of phenolic acids, monolignols, flavonoids and terpenoids. 4-Hydroxycinnamaldehydes are also key intermediates in the biosynthesis and degradation of lignins, which protect cell wall polysaccharides from microbial degradation | Populus tomentosa |