Literature summary for 1.14.99.63 extracted from

Ye, R.W.; Stead, K.J.; Yao, H.; He, H.
Mutational and functional analysis of the beta-carotene ketolase involved in the production of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin (2006), Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 72, 5829-5837 .

Search for more literature for 1.14.99.63

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
expression in Escherichia coli	Paracoccus sp. N81106

Protein Variants

Protein Variants	Comment	Organism
D117A	expression of a mutant carrying D117A results in the accumulation of echinenone as the predominant carotenoid. Partial inactivation of the CrtW ketolase leads to the production of the monoketolated intermediate	Paracoccus sp. N81106
F118A	Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment	Paracoccus sp. N81106
F176A	Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H103A	strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H106A	strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H107A	strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H218A	partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H219A	partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H219A	the enzyme is partially active in cells containing the zeaxanthin gene cluster. In cells expressing the beta-carotene gene cluster, the activity is similar to that of the wild type based on the amount of canthaxanthin produced. H219 may not play a significant role in iron coordination, but it can have an impact on substrate utilization	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H221A	strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H222A	strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H65A	partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products	Paracoccus sp. N81106
H69A	mutant retains partial activity	Paracoccus sp. N81106
L175M	mutant enzyme with improved activity	Paracoccus sp. N81106
L175M	up to 78% of the total carotenoid is in the form of astaxanthin and the level of the adonixanthin intermediate is lowered to 5%	Paracoccus sp. N81106
L232A	Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment	Paracoccus sp. N81106
M99I	increase in astaxanthin production and a reduction in adonixanthin accumulation	Paracoccus sp. N81106
M99I	mutant enzyme with improved activity	Paracoccus sp. N81106
M99V	increase in astaxanthin production and a reduction in adonixanthin accumulation	Paracoccus sp. N81106
M99V	mutant enzyme with improved activity	Paracoccus sp. N81106
P116A	Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment	Paracoccus sp. N81106
W126A	Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment	Paracoccus sp. N81106
W229A	Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment	Paracoccus sp. N81106
Y134A	Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment	Paracoccus sp. N81106

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Paracoccus sp. N81106	P54972	-	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.	Reac.
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2	-	Paracoccus sp. N81106	echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O	-	?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2	-	Paracoccus sp. N81106	canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O	-	?

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
CrtW ketolase	-	Paracoccus sp. N81106