Literature summary for 1.1.2.4 extracted from

Welchen, E.; Schmitz, J.; Fuchs, P.; Garcia, L.; Wagner, S.; Wienstroer, J.; Schertl, P.; Braun, H.P.; Schwarzlaender, M.; Gonzalez, D.H.; Maurino, V.G.
D-Lactate dehydrogenase links methylglyoxal degradation and electron transport through cytochrome c (2016), Plant Physiol., 172, 901-912 .

Search for more literature for 1.1.2.4

Cloned(Commentary)

Cloned (Comment)	Organism
gene DLD, expression of C-terminally GFP-tagged full-length enzyme under control of the CaMV35S promoter in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf epidermi. Overexpression of D-LDH ameliorates the growth of wild-type plants in the presence of D-lactate and methylglyoxal and reverses the increased sensitivity of dldh loss-of-function lines to these compounds	Arabidopsis thaliana

Inhibitors

Inhibitors	Comment	Organism	Structure
additional information	antimycin A does not affect the enzyme activity. Myxothiazol binds to the quinone-binding site and blocks electron transfer from ubiquinol to cytochrome b. At 20 mM myxothiazol the sensitivity of wild-type plants to D-lactate is not affected. Inhibition of complex III does not affect D-lactate oxidation	Arabidopsis thaliana

Localization

Localization	Comment	Organism	GeneOntology No.	Textmining
mitochondrial intermembrane space	localization of recombinantly expressed GFP-tagged enzyme	Arabidopsis thaliana	5758	-

Molecular Weight [Da]

Molecular Weight [Da]	Molecular Weight Maximum [Da]	Comment	Organism
110000	-	recombinant enzyme, native PAGE	Arabidopsis thaliana

Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)

Natural Substrates	Organism	Comment (Nat. Sub.)	Natural Products	Comment (Nat. Pro.)	Rev.	Reac.
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c	Arabidopsis thaliana	enzyme D-LDH is absolutely specific for these substrates in vivo	pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c	-	?

Organism

Organism	UniProt	Comment	Textmining
Arabidopsis thaliana	Q94AX4	-	-

Source Tissue

Source Tissue	Comment	Organism	Textmining
cell suspension culture	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	-
leaf	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	-
seedling	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	-

Substrates and Products (Substrate)

Substrates	Comment Substrates	Organism	Products	Comment (Products)	Rev.	Reac.
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c	-	Arabidopsis thaliana	pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c	-	?
(R)-lactate + 2 ferricytochrome c	enzyme D-LDH is absolutely specific for these substrates in vivo	Arabidopsis thaliana	pyruvate + 2 ferrocytochrome c	-	?
additional information	D-LDH does not use glycolate as a substrate	Arabidopsis thaliana	?	-	?

Subunits

Subunits	Comment	Organism
homodimer	x * 62000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE	Arabidopsis thaliana

Synonyms

Synonyms	Comment	Organism
AtD-LDH	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
D-lactate dehydrogenase [cytochrome], mitochondrial	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
D-lactate ferricytochrome c oxidoreductase	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
DLD	-	Arabidopsis thaliana
glycolate deshydrogenase	-	Arabidopsis thaliana

Cofactor

Cofactor	Comment	Organism	Structure
cytochrome c	evaluation of the role of cytochrome c in D-lactate and methylglyoxal degradation. Recombinant expression of CYTC-1 in either the wild-type or cytc mutant background leads to increased tolerance to toxic concentrations of D-lactate and to a lesser extent also to methylglyoxal	Arabidopsis thaliana
additional information	ubiquinone and its associated dehydrogenase systems do not serve as electron acceptors and are upstream of the entry site of D-LDH-derived electrons into the electron transport chain	Arabidopsis thaliana

General Information

General Information	Comment	Organism
physiological function	transgenic plants overexpressing both D-LDH and cytochrome c have enhanced capacity to detoxify D-lactate and methylglyoxal, indicating that both proteins can be limiting factors in the detoxification process	Arabidopsis thaliana

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Release 2023.1 (January 2023)