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Literature summary for 1.1.1.431 extracted from
- A unique xylose reductase from Thermomyces lanuginosus effect of lignocellulosic substrates and inhibitors and applicability in lignocellulosic bioconversion (2019), Biores. Technol., 281, 374-381 .
Cloned(Commentary)
| Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| gene XRTL, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, recombinant enzyme expression in Pichia pastoris strain GS115 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain Y294 from the 19up-TEF1-XRTL-CYC-down-pAUR135 expression plasmid, subcloning in Escherichia coli strain JM109. The recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain with the XRTL gene shows 34% higher xylitol production compared to the control strain | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Protein Variants
| Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| additional information | enzyme XRTL can therefore be used in a cell-free xylitol production process or as part of a pathway for utilization of xylose from lignocellulosic waste. Ferulic acid is an inhibitor of the lignocellulosic activity | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Inhibitors
| Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| acetic acid | mixed inhibition | Thermomyces lanuginosus |  |
| benzoic acid | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| Ca2+ | slight inhibition at 2 mM | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| Cinnamic acid | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| coumaric acid | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| Cu2+ | strong inhibition at 2 mM | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| DTT | slight inhibition at 2 mM | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| EDTA | slight inhibition at 2 mM | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| Fe2+ | moderate inhibition at 2 mM | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| ferulic acid | mixed inhibition | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| gallic acid | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| Mg2+ | slight inhibition at 2 mM | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| Mn2+ | slight inhibition at 2 mM | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| Vanillin | mixed inhibition | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| Zn2+ | moderate inhibition at 2 mM | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
KM Value [mM]
| KM Value [mM] | KM Value Maximum [mM] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | - |
additional information | Michaelis-Menten kinetics | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| 15.36 | - |
D-xylose | recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
Molecular Weight [Da]
| Molecular Weight [Da] | Molecular Weight Maximum [Da] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 39000 | - |
about, recombinant enzyme, gel filtration | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Natural Substrates/ Products (Substrates)
| Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Thermomyces lanuginosus | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| xylitol + NADP+ | Thermomyces lanuginosus | - |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
r | |
| xylitol + NADP+ | Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP | - |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
r | |
Organism
| Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
|---|---|---|---|
| Thermomyces lanuginosus | A0A455KZK8 | - |
- |
| Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP | A0A455KZK8 | - |
- |
Posttranslational Modification
| Posttranslational Modification | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| glycoprotein | three potential N-glycosylation sites are identified at positions 26, 142 and 168 of XRTL | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Purification (Commentary)
| Purification (Comment) | Organism |
|---|---|
| recombinant enzyme from Pichia pastoris strain GS115 to homogeneity with an overall 13.77fold increase in specific activity, by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Specific Activity [micromol/min/mg]
| Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 78.06 | - |
purified recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Substrates and Products (Substrate)
| Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
| additional information | the enzyme prefers NADPH as cofactor and shows broad substrate specificity, cf. EC 1.1.1.21. The enzyme is active with D-erythrose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-xylose, D-lyxose, D-allose, D-altrose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-gulose, D-idose, and D-galactose. o activity with D-talose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose, and xylobiose | Thermomyces lanuginosus | ? | - |
- |
|
| additional information | the enzyme prefers NADPH as cofactor and shows broad substrate specificity, cf. EC 1.1.1.21. The enzyme is active with D-erythrose, D-ribose, D-arabinose, D-xylose, D-lyxose, D-allose, D-altrose, D-glucose, D-mannose, D-gulose, D-idose, and D-galactose. o activity with D-talose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose, and xylobiose | Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP | ? | - |
- |
|
| xylitol + NAD+ | low activity with NAD(H) | Thermomyces lanuginosus | D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
r | |
| xylitol + NAD+ | low activity with NAD(H) | Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP | D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
r | |
| xylitol + NADP+ | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus | D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
r | |
| xylitol + NADP+ | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP | D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
r | |
Subunits
| Subunits | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| monomer | x * 39200, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE, x * 36740, sequence calculation | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Synonyms
| Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|
| XRTL | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus |
| xylose reductase | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Temperature Optimum [°C]
| Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 50 | - |
recombinant enzyme | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Temperature Range [°C]
| Temperature Minimum [°C] | Temperature Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 30 | 70 | recombinant enzyme, activity range | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Temperature Stability [°C]
| Temperature Stability Minimum [°C] | Temperature Stability Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | - |
standard first-order enzyme deactivation kinetics | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
| 40 | 60 | the purified recombinant enzyme XRTL is extremely stable at 40°C and 50°C retaining 100% and 94.2% activity, respectively, after 120 min. The enzyme retains 24% activity at 60°C for 45 min, while the activity is completely lost at 70°C after 45 min. Half-lives (t1/2) of purified XRTL at 50°C, 55°C, and 60°C are 1386 min, 49.86 min, and 14.53 min, respectively | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Turnover Number [1/s]
| Turnover Number Minimum [1/s] | Turnover Number Maximum [1/s] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 194.3 | - |
D-xylose | recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
pH Optimum
| pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 6.5 | - |
recombinant enzyme | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
pH Range
| pH Minimum | pH Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 4 | 9 | recombinant enzyme, activity range | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
pH Stability
| pH Stability | pH Stability Maximum | Comment | Organism |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 9 | the purified recombinant enzyme exhibits remarkable stability at pH 6 and pH 7. It retains 58.7%, 73.76%, and 45.95% activity after 30 min at pH 5.0, pH 8.0, and pH 9.0, respectively. The activity at pH 5.0 and pH 8.0 declines to 27% and 54%, respectively, after an incubation of 60 min | Thermomyces lanuginosus |
Cofactor
| Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|
| NADP+ | - |
Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| NADPH | the enzyme prefers NADPH as cofactor | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
Ki Value [mM]
| Ki Value [mM] | Ki Value maximum [mM] | Inhibitor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| additional information | - |
additional information | inhibition kinetics | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| 0.015 | - |
ferulic acid | recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| 0.042 | - |
Vanillin | recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
| 3.75 | - |
acetic acid | recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
IC50 Value
| IC50 Value | IC50 Value Maximum | Comment | Organism | Inhibitor | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.055 | - |
recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | ferulic acid | |
| 0.149 | - |
recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | Vanillin | |
| 3.61 | - |
recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | coumaric acid | |
| 8.15 | - |
recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | Cinnamic acid | |
| 8.79 | - |
recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | benzoic acid | |
| 12.27 | - |
recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | gallic acid | |
kcat/KM [mM/s]
| kcat/KM Value [1/mMs-1] | kcat/KM Value Maximum [1/mMs-1] | Substrate | Comment | Organism | Structure |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 12.65 | - |
D-xylose | recombinant enzyme, pH 6.5, 50°C | Thermomyces lanuginosus | |
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