Application | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
synthesis | production of bio-xylitol from D-xylose by an engineered Pichia pastoris expressing a recombinant xylose reductase | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
gene xr, recombinant enzyme expression in Pichia pastoris strain GS115, coexpression with Bacillus subtilis gene gdh | Neurospora crassa |
gene xyl1, recombinant enzyme expression in Pichia pastoris strain GS115, coexpression with Bacillus subtilis gene gdh | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
gene xyl1, recombinant enzyme expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain CA11, isolated from Brazilian cachaca fermentation processes, co-expression with XDH, and xylA gene from Clostridium phytofermentans encoding xylose isomerase | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | recombinant enzyme expression in Pichia pastoris, coexpression with Bacillus subtilis gene gdh | Neurospora crassa |
additional information | recombinant enzyme expression in Pichia pastoris, coexpression with Bacillus subtilis gene gdh, the biotransformation is very efficient with as high as 80% w/w conversion within two hours. The whole cells can be reused for multiple rounds of catalysis without loss of activity. The cells can directly transform D-xylose in a non-detoxified hemicelluloses hydrolysate to xylitol at 70% w/w yield. Recombinant Pichia pastoris expressing xylose reductase could transform D-xylose, either in pure form or in crude hemicelluloses hydrolysate, to bio-xylitol very efficiently. This biocatalytic reaction happens without the external addition of any NAD(P)H, NAD(P)+, and auxiliary substrate as an electron donor. PsXYL1 in the cells is not inhibited by D-xylose up to 1.5 M. About 320 mM xylitol is produced from 400 mM D-xylose (80% conversion), 535 mM xylitol from 750 mM D-xylose (71% conversion), but only about 750 mM xylitol from 1.5 M D-xylose (50% conversion). The reaction with 1.5 M of D-xylose should not be limited by NAD+ since the cells are not recycled | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
additional information | xylose isomerase (XI, EC 5.3.1.5) and xylose reductase/xylitol dehydrogenase (XR/XDH) pathways are used to confer xylose assimilation capacity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae for achievement of economically viable lignocellulosic ethanol production. XI and/or XR/XDH pathways are introduced into two robust industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, evaluated in synthetic media and corn cob hemicellulosic hydrolysate, and the results are correlated with the differential enzyme activities found in the xylose-pathway engineered strains. The sole expression of XI increases the fermentative capacity of both strains in synthetic media at 30°C and 40°C decreasing xylitol accumulation and improving xylose consumption and ethanol production. Similar results are observed in fermentations of detoxified hydrolysate. In the presence of lignocellulosic-derived inhibitors, a positive synergistic effect results from the expression of both XI and XR/XDH, possibly caused by a cofactor equilibrium between the XDH and furan detoxifying enzymes, increasing the ethanol yield by more than 38%. An advantage of using the XI from Clostridium phytofermentans to attain high ethanol productivities and yields from xylose is proven | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
Inhibitors | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
additional information | recombinant PsXYL1 in the cells is not inhibited by D-xylose up to 1.5 M. Also, furfural hydroxymethylfurfural, aliphatic acids, and phenolic compounds in the hydrolysates do not inhibit the growth of the microorganisms and PsXYL1 enzyme activity in the cells | Neurospora crassa | |
additional information | recombinant PsXYL1 in the cells is not inhibited by D-xylose up to 1.5 M. Also, furfural hydroxymethylfurfural, aliphatic acids, and phenolic compounds in the hydrolysates do not inhibit the growth of the microorganisms and PsXYL1 enzyme activity in the cells | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Scheffersomyces stipitis | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Neurospora crassa | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Neurospora crassa CBS 708.71 | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Neurospora crassa 74-OR23-1A | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL Y-11545 | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Scheffersomyces stipitis NBRC 10063 | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Neurospora crassa DSM 1257 | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Neurospora crassa ATCC 24698 | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785 | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | Neurospora crassa FGSC 987 | - |
xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Scheffersomyces stipitis | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Neurospora crassa | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Neurospora crassa CBS 708.71 | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Neurospora crassa 74-OR23-1A | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL Y-11545 | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Scheffersomyces stipitis NBRC 10063 | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Neurospora crassa DSM 1257 | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Neurospora crassa ATCC 24698 | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785 | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | Neurospora crassa FGSC 987 | - |
xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Neurospora crassa | Q7SD67 | - |
- |
Neurospora crassa 74-OR23-1A | Q7SD67 | - |
- |
Neurospora crassa ATCC 24698 | Q7SD67 | - |
- |
Neurospora crassa CBS 708.71 | Q7SD67 | - |
- |
Neurospora crassa DSM 1257 | Q7SD67 | - |
- |
Neurospora crassa FGSC 987 | Q7SD67 | - |
- |
Scheffersomyces stipitis | P31867 | - |
- |
Scheffersomyces stipitis | P31867 | Pichia stipitis | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785 | P31867 | - |
- |
Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785 | P31867 | Pichia stipitis | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis NBRC 10063 | P31867 | - |
- |
Scheffersomyces stipitis NBRC 10063 | P31867 | Pichia stipitis | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL Y-11545 | P31867 | - |
- |
Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL Y-11545 | P31867 | Pichia stipitis | - |
Specific Activity Minimum [µmol/min/mg] | Specific Activity Maximum [µmol/min/mg] | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|---|
1.7 | 10.2 | recombinant enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C, with co-expressed GDH | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
9.7 | 10.1 | recombinant enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
22.4 | 38.6 | recombinant enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C, with co-expressed GDH | Neurospora crassa |
35.7 | 62.1 | recombinant enzyme, pH 7.0, 30°C | Neurospora crassa |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa CBS 708.71 | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa 74-OR23-1A | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL Y-11545 | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis NBRC 10063 | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa DSM 1257 | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa ATCC 24698 | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785 | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa FGSC 987 | xylitol + NAD+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa CBS 708.71 | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa 74-OR23-1A | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis NRRL Y-11545 | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis NBRC 10063 | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa DSM 1257 | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa ATCC 24698 | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785 | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r | |
D-xylose + NADPH + H+ | - |
Neurospora crassa FGSC 987 | xylitol + NADP+ | - |
r |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
NAD(P)H-dependent D-xylose reductase | UniProt | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
PsXYL1 | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis |
PsXYL1 | - |
Neurospora crassa |
XYL1 | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis |
xylose reductase | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis |
xylose reductase | - |
Neurospora crassa |
Temperature Optimum [°C] | Temperature Optimum Maximum [°C] | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|---|
30 | - |
assay at | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
30 | - |
assay at | Neurospora crassa |
pH Optimum Minimum | pH Optimum Maximum | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|---|
7 | - |
assay at | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
7 | - |
assay at | Neurospora crassa |
Cofactor | Comment | Organism | Structure |
---|---|---|---|
additional information | the enzyme can use either NADH or NADPH as co-substrate, its XR activity with NADH is about 70% of that with NADPH | Scheffersomyces stipitis | |
additional information | the enzyme can use either NADH or NADPH as co-substrate, its XR activity with NADH is about 70% of that with NADPH | Neurospora crassa | |
NAD+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis | |
NAD+ | - |
Neurospora crassa | |
NADH | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis | |
NADH | - |
Neurospora crassa | |
NADP+ | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis | |
NADP+ | - |
Neurospora crassa | |
NADPH | - |
Scheffersomyces stipitis | |
NADPH | - |
Neurospora crassa |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
physiological function | xylitol production by PsXYL1 | Scheffersomyces stipitis |
physiological function | xylitol production by PsXYL1 | Neurospora crassa |