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evolution
the enzyme belongs to the oxidosqualene cyclase OSC superfamily of enzymes
evolution
cycloartenol synthase belongs to the 2-3 oxidosqualene cyclases (OCSs) gene family
evolution
determination of evolutionary relationship of squalene synthases (SQSs) or cycloartneol synthases (CASs) from different plants, phylogenetic trees are constructed, overview
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the family of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs). A key step in the synthesis of cholesterol in red algae may be the reduction of the C-24(25) double bond by a DHCR24-like enzyme
evolution
-
the enzyme belongs to the fammily of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases, OSCs
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the fammily of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases, OSCs
evolution
the enzyme belongs to the oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), enzymes that play a key role in control of the biosynthesis of phytosterols and triterpene saponins
evolution
-
the enzyme belongs to the oxidosqualene cyclase OSC superfamily of enzymes
-
malfunction
antisense inhibition of cycloartenol synthase results in decreased phytosterol levels and enhanced ginsenoside levels
malfunction
in vivo application of inhibitor RO 48-8071 TBY-2 cells in short-term treatments (24 h) results in accumulation of oxidosqualene with no changes in the final sterol products. Long-term treatments (6 days) induces downregulation in gene expression not only of CAS but also of the SMT2 gene coding sterol methyltransferase 2 (EC 2.1.1.41) explaining some of the increase in 24-methyl sterols at the expense of the 24-ethyl sterols stigmasterol and sitosterol
malfunction
inhibition of CAS expression, e.g. by RNAi, can decrease the synthesis metabolic flux of the phytosterol branch
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of three key withanolides namely withanolide A, withanone, and withaferin A
metabolism
building blocks for plant sterol biosynthesis, involving enzyme CAS, are provided by the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, overview
metabolism
cycloartenol synthase (CAS) is a key enzyme in triterpenoid and steroid biosynthesis. Both SgSQS and SgCAS have significantly higher levels in fruits than in other tissues, suggesting that steroids and mogrosides are competitors for the same precursors in fruits
metabolism
enzyme CAS catalyzes the conversion of 2,3-oxidosqualene to cycloartenol which is ultimately used to synthesize phytosterols. Although CAS does not participate in the biosynthesis of triterpene saponins, it competes with dammarenedion-II synthase (DS) for the same precursor (2,3-oxidosqualene). The 2,3-oxidosqualene is the common precursor of triterpene saponins and phytosterols
metabolism
profiling of Laurencia dendroidea reveals cholesterol as the major sterol accumulating in this species, implicating red seaweeds contain a hybrid sterol synthesis pathway in which the phytosterol precursor cycloartenol is converted into the major animal sterol cholesterol
metabolism
the cycloartenol synthase is one of the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of withanolides in Withania sominifera. Withanolides are basically of the terpenoid origin and are one of the the largest group of natural products with diverse molecular structures. Cycloartenol which acts as the key precursor for the biosynthesis of phytosterols as well as withanolides through a series of desaturation, hydroxylation, epoxidations, cyclization, chain elongation, and glycosylation steps. Withanolide biosynthetic pathway, overview
metabolism
-
the plant sterol pathway exhibits a major biosynthetic difference as compared with that of metazoans. The committed sterol precursor is the pentacyclic cycloartenol (9beta,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3beta-ol) and not lanosterol (lanosta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol)
metabolism
the plant sterol pathway exhibits a major biosynthetic difference as compared with that of metazoans. The committed sterol precursor is the pentacyclic cycloartenol (9beta,19-cyclolanost-24-en-3beta-ol) and not lanosterol (lanosta-8,24-dien-3beta-ol)
metabolism
-
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of three key withanolides namely withanolide A, withanone, and withaferin A
-
physiological function
cycloartenol synthase is responsible for the synthesis of cycloartenol providing skeletons for phytosterols
physiological function
CAS s play a vital role in sterol biosynthesis, which is essential for plant cell viability
physiological function
-
physiological relevance of CAS1 gene in plants, strict dependence on CAS1 of tobacco sterol biosynthesis
physiological function
physiological relevance of CAS1 gene in plants, strict dependence on CAS1 of tobacco sterol biosynthesis
additional information
-
cell sterol profile is determind by GC-MS analysis
additional information
cell sterol profile is determined by GC-MS analysis
additional information
steroid profiling by GC-MS analysis
additional information
-
steroid profiling by GC-MS analysis
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H477N/I481V
-
produces 99% lanosterol and 1% parkeol
H477Q/I481V
-
produces 94% lanosterol and 6% parkeol
I481A
-
production of lanosterol, cycloartenol, parkeol, acilleol A and camelliol C
I481G
-
production of lanosterol, cycloartenol, parkeol, acilleol A and camelliol C
I481L
-
production of cycloartenol and parkeol
Y532H
-
mutated enzyme produces a mixture of parkeol, achilleol and lanosterol instead of cycloartenol
H477N
-
mutated enzyme produces lanosterol instead of cycloartenol
H477N
-
produces 88% lanosterol and 12% parkeol
H477N
produces 88% lanosterol and 12% parkeol
H477Q
-
mutated enzyme produces parkeol instead of cycloartenol
H477Q
-
produces 22% lanosterol, 73% parkeol, and 5% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
H477Q
produces 22% lanosterol, 73% parkeol, and 5% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
I481V
-
produces 54% cycloartenol, 25% lanosterol, and 21% parkeol
I481V
produces 54% cycloartenol, 25% lanosterol, and 21% parkeol
Y410T
-
produces 65% lanosterol, 2% parkeol, and 33% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
Y410T
produces 65% lanosterol, 2% parkeol, and 33% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
Y410T/H477N/I481V
-
produces 78% lanosterol and 22% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
Y410T/H477N/I481V
produces 78% lanosterol and 22% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
Y410T/H477Q/I481V
-
produces 78% lanosterol and 22% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
Y410T/H477Q/I481V
produces 78% lanosterol and 22% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
Y410T/I481V
-
mutated enzyme produces lanosterol instead of cycloartenol
Y410T/I481V
-
produces 78% lanosterol, less than 1% parkeol, and 22% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
Y410T/I481V
produces 78% lanosterol, less than 1% parkeol, and 22% 9-beta-delta-7-lanosterol
additional information
-
mutation N478H/V482I in lanosterol synthase is a change of amino acids crucial for lanosterol specificity to the cycloartenol synthase type. Mutant produces 4% lanosterol, 83% parkeol, and 13% cycloartenol from substrate (S)-2,3-epoxysqualene, while wild-type lanosterol synthase produces only lanosterol
additional information
-
virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CAS1 in Nicotianan benthamiana based on gene specific sequences from a Nicotiana tabacum CAS1. A morphogenetic inhibition is developed by PVX::CAS1 Nicotiana benthamiana leaves
additional information
upon galactose-induced recombinant expression of NtCAS1, yeast cells grown in the presence of exogenous ergosterol display a sterol profile that includes cycloartenol and four other sterols in addition to ergosterol. The major sterol is 24-methylene pollinastanol that accounts for 53% of the total and represents the most probable pathway end-product generated by the yeast steroidogenic machinery, apparently being versatile enough to accept cycloartenol as a substrate. The sterol biosynthetic features of erg7::NtCAS1 are identical to the 9beta,19-cyclopropylsterol biosynthetic segment of protists, algae, or plants. In the presence of ergosterol, erg7 or erg7::NtCAS1 cells display a closely similar growth profile along a range of dilutions, whereas in the absence of ergosterol, only erg7::NtCAS1 is able to grow significantly when compared to yeast mutant erg7
additional information
RNA interference (RNAi) of the cycloartenol synthase (CAS) gene and simultanous recombinant expression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) gene in Panax notoginseng cells leads to both higher expression levels of FPS and lower expression levels of CAS compared to the wild-type cells. Transgenic cell lines provide a higher accumulation of total triterpene saponins, and a lower amount of phytosterols compared to wild-type cells. Overexpression of FPS can break the rate-limiting reaction catalyzed by FPS in the triterpene saponins biosynthetic pathway, and inhibition of CAS expression can decrease the synthesis metabolic flux of the phytosterol branch. Thus, more precursors flow in the direction of triterpene synthesis, and ultimately promote the accumulation of Panax notoginseng saponins. Silencing and overexpression of key enzyme genes simultaneously is more effective than just manipulating one gene in the regulation of saponin biosynthesis
additional information
-
RNA interference (RNAi) of the cycloartenol synthase (CAS) gene and simultanous recombinant expression of farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) gene in Panax notoginseng cells leads to both higher expression levels of FPS and lower expression levels of CAS compared to the wild-type cells. Transgenic cell lines provide a higher accumulation of total triterpene saponins, and a lower amount of phytosterols compared to wild-type cells. Overexpression of FPS can break the rate-limiting reaction catalyzed by FPS in the triterpene saponins biosynthetic pathway, and inhibition of CAS expression can decrease the synthesis metabolic flux of the phytosterol branch. Thus, more precursors flow in the direction of triterpene synthesis, and ultimately promote the accumulation of Panax notoginseng saponins. Silencing and overexpression of key enzyme genes simultaneously is more effective than just manipulating one gene in the regulation of saponin biosynthesis
additional information
construction of three RNAi gene-silencing constructs in backbone of RNAi vector pGSA and a full-length overexpression construct. The expression of WsCAS gene is considerably downregulated in stable transgenic silenced Withania somnifera lines compared to non-transformed control. Transgenic plants overexpressing CAS gene display enhanced level of CAS transcript and withanolide content compared to non-transformed controls
additional information
-
construction of three RNAi gene-silencing constructs in backbone of RNAi vector pGSA and a full-length overexpression construct. The expression of WsCAS gene is considerably downregulated in stable transgenic silenced Withania somnifera lines compared to non-transformed control. Transgenic plants overexpressing CAS gene display enhanced level of CAS transcript and withanolide content compared to non-transformed controls
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cloning of full-length gene WsCAS by homology-based PCR method, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, transformation of overexpressing and RNAi constructs into Withania somnifera plants via Agrobacterium strain GV3101 transformation method, quantitative RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, cloning and expression in Escherichia coli strain D5alpha, functional expression of GST-tagged enzyme in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
expressed in Escherichia coli and in the yeast mutant GIL77
expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant GIL77 cells
-
expression in DH5-alpha Escherichia coli competent cells
-
expression in Escherichia coli
-
expression in Sacchaormyces cerevisiae
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
full-length cDNAs of SgCAS is cloned by a rapid amplification of cDNA-ends with polymerase chain reaction approach. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana
gene CAS, recombinant expression in TBY-2 cells, usage of Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 hyper-virulent strain and transformation into BY-2 cell suspensions via co-culture, quantitative reverse transcriptase-mediated real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis. After 6 days of treatment, the expression of NtCAS1 increases 2.5fold in the BY-2 cells
gene CAS1, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree
-
gene CAS1, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree, recombinant expression in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant erg7 that lacks an endogenous lanosterol synthase. Upon galactose-induced expression of NtCAS1, yeast cells grown in the presence of exogenous ergosterol display a sterol profile that includes cycloartenol and four other sterols in addition to ergosterol. The major sterol is 24-methylene pollinastanol that accounts for 53% of the total and represents the most probable pathway end-product generated by the yeast steroidogenic machinery, apparently being versatile enough to accept cycloartenol as a substrate
gene is present in single copy. Expression of enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-
gene LdCAS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, functional recombinant expression in a sterol-engineered Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains PA14, TM097, and TM122, that are derived from strain TM1 in the S288c / BY4742 background. Yeast strain PA14 is derived from strain TM1 by knocking out the TRP1 gene using CRISPR/Cas9
gene SgCAS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, gene SgCAS belongs to the cycloartenol synthase cluster, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis, transcriptome analysis, recombinant expression in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3), transient expression of GFP-tagged SgCAS in Nicotiana benthsmiana lower epidermal cells
isozyme CAS1, RNA-sequencing analysis from seedling genome, cloning from cDNA library, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, isozyme sequence comparison, phylogenetic tree of OSCs, quantitative RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis, functional recombinant expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GC-MS analysis of cycloartenol in yeast
isozyme CAS2, RNA-sequencing analysis from seedling genome, cloning from cDNA library, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, isozyme sequence comparison, phylogenetic tree of OSCs, quantitative RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis, functional recombinant expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, GC-MS analysis of cycloartenol in yeast
mutants are expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain LHY4
on the base of callus cells, enzyme CAS recombinant expression in Panax notoginseng cells using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 for transfection, coexpression with farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS). Plasmid pHellsgate-CAS is transformed into the wild-type cells, and pCAMBIA1300S-FPS is then introduced into the pHellsgate-CAS transformed cells. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR enzyme expression analysis
sequence comparisons of lanosterol synthases and cycloartenol synthases from several organisms
-
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
-
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
expression in yeast
-
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Taton, M.; Benveniste, P.; Rahier, A.
N-[(1,5,9)-Trimethyl-decyl]-4alpha,10-dimethyl-8-aza-trans-decal-3beta-ol a novel potent inhibitor of 2,3-oxidosqualene cycloartenol and lanosterol cyclases
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
138
764-770
1986
Zea mays
brenda
Rees, H.H.; Goad, L.J.; Goodwin, T.W.
2,3-Oxidosqualene cycloartenol cyclase from Ochromonas malhamensis
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
176
892-894
1969
Ochromonas malhamensis
brenda
Beastall, G.H.; Rees, H.H.; Goodwin, T.W.
Properties of a 2,3-oxidosqualene-cycloartenol cyclase from Ochromonas malhamensis
FEBS Lett.
18
175-178
1971
Ochromonas malhamensis
brenda
Fang, T.Y.; Baisted, D.J.
2,3-Oxidosqualene cyclase and cycloartenol-S-adenosylmethionine methyltransferase activities in vivo the cotyledon and axis tissues of germinating pea seeds
Biochem. J.
150
323-328
1975
Pisum sativum
brenda
Cattel, L.; Anding, C.; Benveniste, P.
Cyclisation of 1-trans-1'-norsqualene-2,3-epoxide and 1-cis-1'-norsqualene-2,3-epoxide by a cell free system of corn embryos
Phytochemistry
15
931-935
1976
Zea mays
-
brenda
Delprino, L.; Balliano, G.; Cattel, L.; Benveniste, P.; Bouvier, P.
Inhibition of higher plant 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclase by 2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene and its derivatives
J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Commun.
1983
381-382
1983
Pisum sativum
-
brenda
Taton, M.; Benveniste, P.; Rahier, A.; Johnson, W.S.; Liu, H.; Sudhakar, A.R.
Inhibition of 2,3-oxidosqualene cyclases
Biochemistry
31
7892-7898
1992
Zea mays
brenda
Morita, M.; Shibuya, M.; Lee, M.S.; Sankawa, U.; Ebizuka, Y
Molecular cloning of pea cDNA encoding cycloartenol synthase and its functional expression in yeast
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20
770-775
1997
Pisum sativum
brenda
Abe, I.; Ebizuka, Y.; Sankawa, U.
Purification of 2,3-oxidosqualene:cycloartenol cyclase from pea seedlings
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36
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1988
Pisum sativum
-
brenda
Abe, I.; Sankawa, U.; Ebizuka, Y.
Purification and properties of squalene-2,3-epoxide cyclase from pea seedlings
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40
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1992
Pisum sativum
-
brenda
Fenner, G.P.; Raphiou, I.
Growth of Cucurbita maxima L. plants in the presence of the cycloartenol synthase inhibitor U18666A
Lipids
30
253-256
1995
Cucurbita maxima
brenda
Corey, E.J.; Matsuda, S.P.T.; Bartel, B.
Isolation of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene encoding cycloartenol synthase by functional expression in a yeast mutant lacking lanosterol synthase by the use of a chromatographic screen
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
90
11628-11632
1993
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Abe, I.; Ebizuka, Y.; Seo, S.; Sankawa, U.
Purification of squalene-2,3-epoxide cyclase from cell suspension cultures of Rabdosia japonica Hara
FEBS Lett.
249
100-104
1989
Isodon japonicus
-
brenda
Schmitt, P.; Gonzales, R.; Benveniste, P.; Cerutti, M.; Cattel, L.
Inhibition of sterol biosynthesis and accumulation of 2,3-oxidosqualene in bramble cell suspension cultures treated with 2-aza-2,3-dihydro-squalene and 2-aza-2,3-dihydrosqualene-N-oxide
Phytochemistry
26
2709-2714
1987
Rubus plicatus
-
brenda
Godzina, S.M.; Lovato, M.A.; Meyer, M.M.; Foster, K.A.; Wilson, W.K.; Gu, W.; de Hostos, E.L.; Matsuda, S.P.
Cloning and characterization of the Dictyostelium discoideum cycloartenol synthase cDNA
Lipids
35
249-255
2000
Dictyostelium discoideum
brenda
Matsuda, S.P.; Darr, L.B.; Hart, E.A.; Herrera, J.B.; McCann, K.E.; Meyer, M.M.; Pang, J.; Schepmann, H.G.
Steric bulk at cycloartenol synthase position 481 influences cyclization and deprotonation
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2
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2000
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Segura, M.J.; Lodeiro, S.; Meyer, M.M.; Patel, A.J.; Matsuda, S.P.
Directed evolution experiments reveal mutations at cycloartenol synthase residue His477 that dramatically alter catalysis
Org. Lett.
4
4459-4462
2002
Arabidopsis thaliana
brenda
Hayashi, H.; Huang, P.; Takada, S.; Obinata, M.; Inoue, K.; Shibuya, M.; Ebizuka, Y.
Differential expression of three oxidosqualene cyclase mRNAs in Glycyrrhiza glabra
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27
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2004
Glycyrrhiza glabra (Q9SXV6), Glycyrrhiza glabra
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Kim, O.T.; Kim, M.Y.; Hwang, S.J.; Ahn, J.C.; Hwang, B.
Cloning and molecular analysis of cDNA encoding cycloartenol synthase from Centella asiatica (L.) urban
Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng.
10
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2005
Centella asiatica
-
brenda
Lodeiro, S.; Segura, M.J.R.; Stahl, M.; Schulz-Gasch, T.; Matsuda, S.P.T.
Oxidosqualene cyclase second-sphere residues profoundly influence the product profile
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5
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2004
Arabidopsis thaliana (P38605)
brenda
Lodeiro, S.; Schulz-Gasch, T.; Matsuda, S.P.T.
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2005
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Kolesnikova, M.D.; Xiong, Q.; Lodeiro, S.; Hua, L.; Matsuda, S.P.
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447
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2006
Arabidopsis thaliana
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Cloning and characterization of a lupeol synthase involved in the synthesis of epicuticular wax crystals on stem and hypocotyl surfaces of Ricinus communis
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448
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2006
Ricinus communis (Q2XPU6), Ricinus communis
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Rhizophora stylosa (A7BJ35), Rhizophora stylosa, Kandelia candel (A7BJ36), Kandelia candel
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2006
Lotus japonicus
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Adiantum capillus-veneris (A8R7G3), Adiantum capillus-veneris
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Allelic mutant series reveal distinct functions for Arabidopsis cycloartenol synthase 1 in cell viability and plastid biogenesis
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Arabidopsis thaliana
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Arabidopsis thaliana
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Jasmonic acid mediates gene transcription of ginsenoside biosynthesis in cell cultures of Panax notoginseng treated with chemically synthesized 2-hydroxyethyl jasmonate
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Panax notoginseng (A8UHA2)
-
brenda
Kim, O.; Bang, K.; Kim, Y.; Hyun, D.; Kim, M.; Cha, S.
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2009
Panax ginseng (O82139)
-
brenda
Liang, Y.; Zhao, S.; Zhang, X.
Antisense suppression of cycloartenol synthase results in elevated ginsenoside levels in Panax ginseng hairy roots
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27
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2009
Panax ginseng (O82139)
-
brenda
Wang, Z.; Yeats, T.; Han, H.; Jetter, R.
Cloning and characterization of oxidosqualene cyclases from Kalanchoe daigremontiana: enzymes catalyzing up to 10 rearrangement steps yielding friedelin and other triterpenoids
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Kalanchoe daigremontiana
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Ito, R.; Mori, K.; Hashimoto, I.; Nakano, C.; Sato, T.; Hoshino, T.
Triterpene cyclases from Oryza sativa L.: cycloartenol, parkeol and achilleol B synthases
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Oryza sativa (Q6Z2X6)
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Dhar, N.; Rana, S.; Razdan, S.; Bhat, W.W.; Hussain, A.; Dhar, R.S.; Vaishnavi, S.; Hamid, A.; Vishwakarma, R.; Lattoo, S.K.
Cloning and functional characterization of three branch point oxidosqualene cyclases from Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal
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289
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Withania somnifera (D6R1X1), Withania somnifera, Withania somnifera WS-Y-08 (D6R1X1)
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Zhao, H.; Tang, Q.; Mo, C.; Bai, L.; Tu, D.; Ma, X.
Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase and cycloartenol synthase from Siraitia grosvenorii
Acta Pharm. Sin. B
7
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2017
Siraitia grosvenorii (K7NBR1), Siraitia grosvenorii
brenda
Jin, M.; Lee, W.; Kim, O.
Two cycloartenol synthases for phytosterol biosynthesis in Polygala tenuifolia willd
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18
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2017
Polygala tenuifolia (A9QW75), Polygala tenuifolia (A9QW77)
brenda
Gas-Pascual, E.; Simonovik, B.; Heintz, D.; Bergdoll, M.; Schaller, H.; Bach, T.J.
Inhibition of cycloartenol synthase (CAS) function in tobacco BY-2 cell suspensions a proteomic analysis
Lipids
50
773-784
2015
Nicotiana tabacum (A0A0A1ER86), Nicotiana tabacum
brenda
Yang, Y.; Ge, F.; Sun, Y.; Liu, D.; Chen, C.
Strengthening triterpene saponins biosynthesis by over-expression of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase gene and RNA interference of cycloartenol synthase gene in Panax notoginseng cells
Molecules
22
581-592
2017
Panax notoginseng (A8UHA2), Panax notoginseng
brenda
Mishra, S.; Bansal, S.; Mishra, B.; Sangwan, R.S.; Asha, R.S.; Jadaun, J.S.; Sangwan, N.S.
RNAi and homologous overexpression based functional approaches reveal triterpenoid synthase gene-cycloartenol synthase is involved in downstream withanolide biosynthesis in Withania somnifera
PLoS ONE
11
e0149691
2016
Withania somnifera (D6R1X1), Withania somnifera
brenda
Calegario, G.; Pollier, J.; Arendt, P.; de Oliveira, L.S.; Thompson, C.; Soares, A.R.; Pereira, R.C.; Goossens, A.; Thompson, F.L.
Cloning and functional characterization of cycloartenol synthase from the red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea
PLoS ONE
11
e0165954
2016
Laurencia dendroidea (A0A1I9Q605), Laurencia dendroidea
brenda
Gas-Pascual, E.; Berna, A.; Bach, T.J.; Schaller, H.
Plant oxidosqualene metabolism cycloartenol synthase-dependent sterol biosynthesis in Nicotiana benthamiana
PLoS ONE
9
e109156-64
2014
Nicotiana benthamiana, Nicotiana tabacum (A0A0A1ER86)
brenda