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Information on EC 1.7.3.3 - factor-independent urate hydroxylase
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1.7.3.3 factor-independent urate hydroxylaseIUBMB Comments
This enzyme was previously thought to be a copper protein, but it is now known that the enzymes from soy bean (Glycine max), the mould Aspergillus flavus and Bacillus subtilis contains no copper nor any other transition-metal ion. The 5-hydroxyisourate formed decomposes spontaneously to form allantoin and CO2, although there is an enzyme-catalysed pathway in which EC 3.5.2.17, hydroxyisourate hydrolase, catalyses the first step. The enzyme is different from EC 1.14.13.113 (FAD-dependent urate hydroxylase).
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Word Map
- 1.7.3.3
- hyperuricemia
- allopurinol
- peroxisomal
- xanthine
- gout
- purine
- catalase
- allantoin
-
hematologic
-
electrode
-
biosensors
-
oxonic
- creatinine
- hypoxanthine
-
prophylaxis
- febuxostat
- hyperkalemia
- allantoinase
- flavus
-
hypocalcemia
-
amperometric
-
ureide
-
urate-lowering
-
pegylated
-
uricosuric
- methemoglobinemia
- hyperphosphatemia
-
phosphotungstate
- microbodies
- probenecid
-
tophi
- benzbromarone
- utilis
-
hypouricemic
-
hominoid
-
miocene
- pharmacology
- pimecrolimus
- drug development
- medicine
- analysis
- synthesis
-
weight-based
-
nodule-specific
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Synonyms
AaUO, AgUOX, ELITEK, Fasturtec, N-35, Nodule specific uricase, Nodulin 35, Nodulin 35 homolog, Non-symbiotic uricase, oxidase, urate, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
AaUO
N-35
-
-
-
-
Nodule specific uricase
-
-
-
-
Nodulin 35
-
-
-
-
Nodulin 35 homolog
-
-
-
-
Non-symbiotic uricase
-
-
-
-
oxidase, urate
-
-
-
-
Rasburicase
Uox
Urate oxidase
urate oxidoreductase
UriA
uric acid oxidase
-
-
-
-
uricase
Urate oxidase
-
-
-
-
uricase
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
urate + O2 + H2O = 5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
urate + O2 + H2O = 5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
catalytic mechanism, overview
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
redox reaction
-
-
-
-
reduction
-
-
-
-
additional information
oxidation
-
-
-
-
additional information
the enzyme catalyzes the degradation of urate to [S]-allantoin through 5-hydroxyisourate as a metastable intermediate
additional information
-
the enzyme catalyzes the degradation of urate to [S]-allantoin through 5-hydroxyisourate as a metastable intermediate
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
BRENDA
MetaCyc
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
urate:oxygen oxidoreductase
This enzyme was previously thought to be a copper protein, but it is now known that the enzymes from soy bean (Glycine max), the mould Aspergillus flavus and Bacillus subtilis contains no copper nor any other transition-metal ion. The 5-hydroxyisourate formed decomposes spontaneously to form allantoin and CO2, although there is an enzyme-catalysed pathway in which EC 3.5.2.17, hydroxyisourate hydrolase, catalyses the first step. The enzyme is different from EC 1.14.13.113 (FAD-dependent urate hydroxylase).
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9002-12-4
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
uric acid + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
purine degradation
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
ureide pathway
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
enzyme production is induced by addition of uric acid to the culture medium
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
enzyme production is induced by addition of uric acid to the culture medium
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
first step in uric acid degradation
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
purine metabolism
a metastable intermediate, which is further degrades to allantoin
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
urate oxidase catalyzes the hydroxylation of uric acid into the metastable product 5-hydroxyisourate in the presence of molecular oxygen as part of the purine degradation pathway. 5-Hydroxyisourate decays slowly to allantoin, a process independent of oxygen and associated with the release of CO
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
dioxygen-binding site structure, overview
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
substrate binding involves residues Arg176 and Glu228, that hold the substrate, Phe159 closing one end of the cavity below, and the two residues Asn254 and Thr57, forming another tweezers above the mean plane of the ligand that construct a location where efficient electron transfer can take place at a low energy level via the catalytic triad Thr57, Lys10, and His256
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
it is proposed that T69 and K9 form a catalytic diad in which K9 deprotonates T69 to allow it to abstract the proton from the N9 position of the substrate to generate the dianion
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
DQ887577
ureide pathway
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
detection of two discrete enzyme-bound intermediates by single-turnover stopped-flow techniques
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
conversion to allantoin
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
JX083378
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
anion-pi interactions are present in the active site of the enzyme and are energetically favorable
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to a more soluble and easily excreted compound, allantoin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
purine degradation, urate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid with poor solubility to produce 5-hydroxyisourate and allantoin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
uricase can function as a voltage-sensitive channel that is highly selective to urate, relative to K+ and Cl-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
rasburicase acts at the end of the purine catabolic pathway, and unlike allopurinol, it does not induce accumulation of xanthine or hypoxanthine
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
uricase can function as a voltage-sensitive channel that is highly selective to urate, relative to K+ and Cl-
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
uric acid + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
purine degradation
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
ureide pathway
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
enzyme production is induced by addition of uric acid to the culture medium
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
enzyme production is induced by addition of uric acid to the culture medium
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
first step in uric acid degradation
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
purine metabolism
a metastable intermediate, which is further degrades to allantoin
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
urate oxidase catalyzes the hydroxylation of uric acid into the metastable product 5-hydroxyisourate in the presence of molecular oxygen as part of the purine degradation pathway. 5-Hydroxyisourate decays slowly to allantoin, a process independent of oxygen and associated with the release of CO
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
DQ887577
ureide pathway
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
conversion to allantoin
-
?
urate + O2 + H2O
5-hydroxyisourate + H2O2
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid to a more soluble and easily excreted compound, allantoin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
purine degradation, urate oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of uric acid with poor solubility to produce 5-hydroxyisourate and allantoin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
rasburicase acts at the end of the purine catabolic pathway, and unlike allopurinol, it does not induce accumulation of xanthine or hypoxanthine
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
the catalytic mechanism of UOX does not imply any cofactor
-
additional information
UOX is unique among the oxygen-requiring enzymes in the sense that it does not need a cofactor to convert uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate
-
additional information
-
UOX is unique among the oxygen-requiring enzymes in the sense that it does not need a cofactor to convert uric acid to 5-hydroxyisourate
-
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
copper
Cu2+
Iron
Mg2+
additional information
Cu2+
-
enzyme contains copper, inhibited by excessive addition of Cu2+
additional information
the catalytic mechanism of UOX does not imply any metal ion
additional information
-
a metal ion is possibly strongly bound in the enzyme and forms part of the uricase structure
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
beta-mercaptoethanol
-
about 60% residual activity after 1 h incubation with 0.5 mM beta-mercaptoethanol at pH 8.5 and 25°C
Biguanidine salts
-
inactivation is pH-dependent: slightly inhibitory below pH 10, rapid inactivation at high pH
D-sorbitol
-
about 70% residual activity after 1 h incubation with 0.5 mM D-sorbitol at pH 8.5 and 25°C
Dicyandiamide
-
inactivation is pH-dependent: small below pH 10, rapid increase at high pH
Guanidinium salts
-
inactivation is pH-dependent: slightly inhibitory below pH 10, rapid inactivation at high pH
H2O2
-
purified uricase retains 72% of its original activity after incubation with 0.5% H2O2 for 6 h
sodium deoxycholate
-
about 90% residual activity after 1 h incubation with 0.5 mM sodium deoxycholate at pH 8.5 and 25°C
8-Azaxanthine
anion-pi interactions are present in the active site of the enzyme and are energetically favorable. Uric acid and 8-azaxanthine are able to interact favorably with cyanide and chloride ions, respectively and both uric acid and 8-azaxanthine react with water
CN-
the presence of residue Phe159 enhances the interaction energy of the anion with the urate pi system
Cu2+
-
enzyme contains copper, inhibited by excessive addition of Cu2+, 98% inhibition by 1 mM CuCl2, 97% inhibition by 1 mM CuSO4
Cu2+
strong inhibition at 0.2 mM, negligible inhibition at 0.005 mM
Fe2+
strong inhibition at 0.2 mM, negligible inhibition at 0.005 mM
SDS
-
purified uricase retains 82% of its original activity after incubation with 0.5% SDS for 6 h
additional information
reduced levels of mRNA levels of urate oxidase after knock down of urate oxidase gene expression
-
additional information
-
reduced levels of mRNA levels of urate oxidase after knock down of urate oxidase gene expression
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by 1 mM Fe(ClO4)3 or 1 mM AgNO3
-
additional information
-
production of an egg yolk antibody specific to microbial uricase and its inhibitory effects on uricase activity
-
additional information
-
not inhibitory: Tween-20 or Triton X-100 at 0.5% w/v
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
uric acid
DQ887577
uric acid (0.3%) is an inducer for uricase production, concentrations higher than 0.3% do not enhance the enzyme productivity
additional information
1 h after feeding with ammonium chloride highest expression of urate oxidase in fat body, 6 h after feeding with ammonium chloride highest expression of urate oxidase in malpighian tubules
-
additional information
-
1 h after feeding with ammonium chloride highest expression of urate oxidase in fat body, 6 h after feeding with ammonium chloride highest expression of urate oxidase in malpighian tubules
-
additional information
in fat body 3fold increased expression towards end of blood meal digestion
-
additional information
-
in fat body 3fold increased expression towards end of blood meal digestion
-
additional information
in malpighian tubule expression induced in response to a blood meal, maximum level 24 h after feeding
-
additional information
-
in malpighian tubule expression induced in response to a blood meal, maximum level 24 h after feeding
-
additional information
-
dithiothreitol treatment leads to an insignificant change in specific activity below 1%
-
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.0065
Urate
mutant H245L/E252A/M253I/R291K/A296V/A301S/K303R, pH 8.6, 25°C
0.017
Urate
mutant A89T/G91A7V92M/H245L/E252A/M253I/R291K/A296V/A301S/K303R, pH 8.6, 25°C
0.27
Urate
unmodified enzyme, 50 mM borate buffer, 25°C, pH 9.2
0.8
Urate
unmodified enzyme, 50 mM borate buffer, 40°C, pH 9.2
0.05
uric acid
-
native uricase, monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) N-leucine-OSu-uricase and branched monomethoxypoly(ethylene glycol) N-leucine-OSu-uricase
0.25
uric acid
DQ887577
0.1 M sodium borate, pH 8.5 containing 2 mM uric acid, 30 mM 4-aminoantipyrine, 1.5% phenol and peroxidase (15 U/ml), 37°C, 20 min
additional information
Urate
-
Km value for degradation of urate crystals is 7 microg/ml, 30°C, pH not specified in the publication
additional information
Urate
-
Km value for degradation of urate crystals is 9 microg/ml, 30°C, pH not specified in the publication
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TURNOVER NUMBER [1/s]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
8.7
Urate
mutant A89T/G91A7V92M/H245L/E252A/M253I/R291K/A296V/A301S/K303R, pH 8.6, 25°C
15.5
Urate
mutant H245L/E252A/M253I/R291K/A296V/A301S/K303R, pH 8.6, 25°C
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kcat/KM VALUE [1/mMs-1]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
510
Urate
mutant A89T/G91A7V92M/H245L/E252A/M253I/R291K/A296V/A301S/K303R, pH 8.6, 25°C
2390
Urate
mutant H245L/E252A/M253I/R291K/A296V/A301S/K303R, pH 8.6, 25°C
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Ki VALUE [mM]
INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.008
oxonate
unmodified enzyme, 50 mM borate buffer, 25°C, pH 9.2
additional information
additional information
-
1-methylurate, 3-methylurate, 7-methylurate do not inhibit significantly
-
0.055
xanthine
unmodified enzyme, 50 mM borate buffer, 25°C, pH 9.2
0.1
xanthine
unmodified enzyme, 50 mM borate buffer, 40°C, pH 9.2
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
15
pH not specified in the publication, temperature not specified in the publication
2.49
-
urate oxidase including p-azido-L-phenylalanine instead of Phe at position 281, in 0.1 M borate, pH 8.4
2.99
mutant A89T/G91A7V92M/H245L/E252A/M253I/R291K/A296V/A301S/K303R, pH 8.6, 25°C
4.91
mutant H245L/E252A/M253I/R291K/A296V/A301S/K303R, pH 8.6, 25°C
8.26
-
urate oxidase including p-azido-L-phenylalanine instead of Phe at position 170, in 0.1 M borate, pH 8.4
additional information
additional information
-
among the parameters investigated in shaking flask cultures, the pH value of medium and inoculum size has great influence on the recombinant uricase production, the maximum extracellular uricase yield of 2.6 U/ml is obtained in shaking flask culture
additional information
-
at pH 5.5, the extracellular uricase production reaches top of 7.5 U/ml at 58 h, when fermentation is performed at pH 6.5 for 62 h, 14.5 U/ml of extracellular uricase and 23.3 U/ml of intracellular uricase are produced, the total specific uricase production at pH 6.5 is 1.7times of that at pH 5.5
additional information
-
in high density fermentation in YPG medium at 37°C, extracellular uricase activity increases significantly during the first 40 h, highest extracellular uricase level of 52.3 U/ml is obtained after 58 h of induction, as well as the intracellular activity of 60.3 U/ml, after 86 h of fermentation and 58 h of induction, a total uricase activity of 112600 U/l is obtained, the extracellular and intracellular yields of uricase in high cell density fermentation increased by 3.7fold and 3.5fold compared with the batch fermentation
additional information
-
the combined use of fed-batch culture and pH-controlled strategy increases the expression level of uricase significantly, the extracellular uricase production of 52.3 U/ml (approximately 2.1 g/l of protein) is obtained, which is much higher than that produced by recombinant Escherichia coli strains
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.06 U/ml at pH 4.0
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.06 U/ml at pH 4.0
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.09 U/ml at pH 4.5
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.09 U/ml at pH 4.5
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.11 U/ml at pH 5.0
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.11 U/ml at pH 5.0
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.21 U/ml with potassium nitrate as nitrogen source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.21 U/ml with potassium nitrate as nitrogen source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.22 U/ml at pH 10.0
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.22 U/ml at pH 10.0
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.31 U/ml with ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.31 U/ml with ammonium sulfate as nitrogen source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.32 U/ml with sodium glutamate as nitrogen source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.32 U/ml with sodium glutamate as nitrogen source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.37 U/ml at pH 5.5
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.37 U/ml at pH 5.5
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.42 U/ml at pH 9.5
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.42 U/ml at pH 9.5
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.45 U/ml with citric acid as carbon source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.45 U/ml with citric acid as carbon source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.46 U/ml with glucose as carbon source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.46 U/ml with glucose as carbon source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.46 U/ml with peptone as nitrogen source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.46 U/ml with peptone as nitrogen source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.47 U/ml at pH 6.0
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.47 U/ml at pH 6.0
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.47 U/ml with lactose as carbon source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.47 U/ml with lactose as carbon source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.49 U/ml with starch as carbon source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.49 U/ml with starch as carbon source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.57 U/ml at pH 9.0
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.57 U/ml at pH 9.0
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.57 U/ml with soybean flour as nitrogen source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.57 U/ml with soybean flour as nitrogen source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.63 U/ml at pH 8.5
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.63 U/ml at pH 8.5
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.65 U/ml with beef extract as nitrogen source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.65 U/ml with beef extract as nitrogen source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.67 U/ml with sucrose as carbon source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.67 U/ml with sucrose as carbon source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.69 U/ml with yeast extract as nitrogen source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.69 U/ml with yeast extract as nitrogen source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.72 U/ml at pH 8.0
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.72 U/ml at pH 8.0
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.78 U/ml with maize milk as nitrogen source
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.78 U/ml with maize milk as nitrogen source
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 0.98 U/ml at pH 6.5
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 0.98 U/ml at pH 6.5
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 1.00 U/ml at pH 7.5
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 1.00 U/ml at pH 7.5
additional information
DQ887577
enzyme activity is 1.25 U/ml at pH 7.0
additional information
-
enzyme activity is 1.25 U/ml at pH 7.0
additional information
DQ887577
when the strain is cultured at 30°C at pH 7.0 for 30-36 h with of 0.6% corn steep liquor as nitrogen source, the uricase activity peaks at 1.25 U/ml
additional information
-
when the strain is cultured at 30°C at pH 7.0 for 30-36 h with of 0.6% corn steep liquor as nitrogen source, the uricase activity peaks at 1.25 U/ml
additional information
-
rasburicase causes enzymatic degradation of uric acid within blood, plasma and serum samples at room temperature, the genetic absence of this molecule in humans and its proteic nature together with poor accuracy in purifi cation and a slow production process confer a high immunogenicity to the compound, leading to elevated rate of hypersensivity reactions
additional information
-
rasburicase does not interact with allopurinol, cytarabine, methylprednisolone, methotrexate, mercaptopurine, thioguanine, etoposide, daunorubicin, cyclophosphamide, or vincristine
additional information
-
rasburicase maintains the same mechanism of action as the non-recombinant form of urate oxidase, but simply shows a significantly lower reaction rate
additional information
-
repeated use of rasburicase increases risk of hypersensitivity reactions: skin rashes (1.4%), urticaria, bronchospasm (1%), dyspnea, hypoxemia, and anaphylactic shock (1%)
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6.5
-
yield of recombinant uricase is significantly improved by the combined use of a high cell-density cultivation technique and a pH control strategy of switching culture pH from 5.5 to 6.5 in the induction phase
8.5
8.9
9.2
9.5
9.2
the unmodified uricase has a pH optimum of slightly below pH 9.2 which is not altered by modification with NHS esters of monomethoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-5000 or monomethoxy-poly(ethylene glycol)-350
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
6.5 - 11
-
pH 6.5: about 40% of maximal activity, pH 10.0: about 50% of maximal activity
6.5 - 9.5
-
free uricase shows at least 50% relative activity between pH 6.5 and 9.5, around pH 7.5, free uricase remains 81.16% of its maximum activity, while the uricase loaded in the lipid vesicles remains almost the same high activity (178.26%) as its optimum activity (179.72%)
7 - 11
-
pH 7: about 50% of activity maximum, pH 11: about 40% of activity maximum
8 - 10.2
-
pH 8.0: about 35% of activity maximum, pH 10.2: about 55% of activity maximum
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
30
35
37
40
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TEMPERATURE RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
20 - 50
20 - 55
-
20°C: about 80% of maximal activity, maximal activity at 30°C, 55°C: about 55% of maximal activity
20 - 70
-
free uricase shows at least 50% relative activity between 20 and 70°C
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
-
isoelectric focusing presents a trail of pI values between 6.55 and 7.6
additional information
isoelectric focusing presents a trail of pI values between 6.55 and 7.6
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
gene of a clinical isolate. The nucleotide sequence is identical to the coding sequence of gene puuD of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
UniProt
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
gene of a clinical isolate. The nucleotide sequence is identical to the coding sequence of gene puuD of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1
UniProt
brenda
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
strain CGMCC 2.120 is used as source of uricase gene
brenda
-
wild-type and PEX5-defective CHO cell lines each stable producing the enzyme
brenda
-
no uricase is detected in mycelium grown in minimal medium containing NH4Cl as sole nitrogen source. Uricase activity is increased 10fold to 40fold under derepression conditions and is induced by exogenous uric acid
brenda
additional information
-
activity increases once the haustorium has differentiated after Uromyces phaseoli infection. A up-regulation of urate oxidase gene expression occurs at the post-transcriptional level rather than an overexpression of the urate oxidase gene. A general pathogenic effect and host urate oxidase, and purine pool depauperation
brenda
-
no activity in liver of New World monkeys, low activity in liver of Old World monkeys
brenda
-
no activity in liver of New World monkeys, low activity in liver of Old World monkeys
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
the enzyme is mainly localized in the membrane of PEX5-defective mutant cells
brenda
-
the enzyme is mainly localized in the peroxisomal matrix of wild-type cells
brenda
-
limited to large peroxisomes in uninfected cells of root nodules of Glycine max inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
-
ancestral uricases have steadily decreased in activity since the last common ancestor of mammals gave rise to descendent primate lineages. This progressive decrease is correlated with physiological function and (potential) adaptation. Analysis of the 3D distribution of amino acid replacements as they accumulated during evolutionary history
Show AA Sequence and Transmembrane Helices (6034 entries)
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM