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Information on EC 1.3.99.23 - all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductase
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1.3.99.23 all-trans-retinol 13,14-reductaseIUBMB Comments
The reaction is only known to occur in the opposite direction to that given above, with the enzyme being specific for all-trans-retinol as substrate. Neither all-trans-retinoic acid nor 9-cis, 11-cis or 13-cis-retinol isomers are substrates. May play a role in the metabolism of vitamin A.
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Word Map
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
retsat, retinol saturase, retsat a, 13,14-dihydroretinol saturase, all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol saturase, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
retinol saturase
RetSat
retinol saturase
-
regulates retinoid metabolism and sensitivity to oxidative stress
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor = all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
reduction
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
KEGG
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol:acceptor 13,14-oxidoreductase
The reaction is only known to occur in the opposite direction to that given above, with the enzyme being specific for all-trans-retinol as substrate. Neither all-trans-retinoic acid nor 9-cis, 11-cis or 13-cis-retinol isomers are substrates. May play a role in the metabolism of vitamin A.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
149147-14-8
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(R)-all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
-
retinol saturase catalyzes the saturation of all-trans-retinol to produce (R)-all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol
-
-
r
all-trans-13,14-didehydroretinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydro-3,4-didehydroretinol + acceptor
all-trans-13,14-didehydroretinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-7,8-dihydro-3,4-didehydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydro-3,4-didehydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydro-3,4-didehydroretinol + acceptor
all-trans-3,4-didehydroretinol is preferentially converted to all-trans-13,14-dihydro-3,4-didehydroretinol
-
-
-
all-trans-7,8-dihydroretinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-7,8-dihydro-3,4-didehydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-13,14-didehydroretinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydro-3,4-didehydroretinol + acceptor
-
preferred product
-
?
all-trans-13,14-didehydroretinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydro-3,4-didehydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
-
ir
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-7,8-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
preferred product
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-7,8-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
all-trans-7,8-dihydroretinol is the preferred product
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(R)-all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
-
retinol saturase catalyzes the saturation of all-trans-retinol to produce (R)-all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol
-
-
r
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
-
ir
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + reduced acceptor
all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol + acceptor
Q64FW2
-
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
-
a short hairpin RNA targeting retinol saturase strongly protects cells from tert-butylhydroperoxide and H2O2 by specifically reducing the expression of retinol saturase
-
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Congenital Abnormalities
Identification of genes related to beak deformity of chickens using digital gene expression profiling.
Insulin Resistance
Integration of heterogeneous expression data sets extends the role of the retinol pathway in diabetes and insulin resistance.
Metabolic Syndrome
Retinol saturase coordinates liver metabolism by regulating ChREBP activity.
Neuroblastoma
B4GALNT3 Expression Predicts a Favorable Prognosis and Suppresses Cell Migration and Invasion via ?(1) Integrin Signaling in Neuroblastoma.
Sarcoma
Case Report: Exome sequencing reveals recurrent RETSAT mutations and a loss-of-function POLDIP2 mutation in a rare undifferentiated tongue sarcoma.
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
pluripotent embryonal carcinoma cells with high enzyme mRNA level, quantitative real-time PCR expression analysis
brenda
additional information
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
metabolism
-
retinol signaling plays an important role in the establishment and maintenance of cellular phenotype in embryonic and adult vertebrate tissues. all-trans-Retinoic acid functions as the activating ligand for a family of ligand-activated transcription factors, the retinoic acid receptors, which form heterodimers with the retinoid X receptors to regulate gene transcription. Through its activation of the receptors, all-trans-retinoic acid regulates the expression of over 500 protein-coding genes
physiological function
-
RetSat is required for adipocyte differentiation in the 3T3-L1 cell culture model, analysis of the mechanism involved in this putative proadipogenic effect of RetSat, overview. RetSat-null mice have normal levels of retinol and retinyl palmitate in liver, serum, and adipose tissue, but, in contrast to wild-type mice, are deficient in the production of all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol from dietary vitamin A. Despite accumulating more fat, RetSat-null mice maintained on either low-fat or high-fat diets gain weight and have similar rates of food intake as age- and gender-matched wild-type control littermates, ablation of RetSat does not result in alterations in total body weight gain but could still affect the relative composition and size of adipose stores, phenotype, overview
additional information
additional information
-
RetSat deficiency leads to up-regulation of PPARgamma and PPARgamma target expression
additional information
-
the mouse pluripotent P-19 cell metabolizes retinol to all-trans-retinoic acid, analysis of expression of enzymes in the cell involved in the pathway, overview
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UNIPROT
ENTRY NAME
ORGANISM
NO. OF AA
NO. OF TRANSM. HELICES
MOLECULAR WEIGHT[Da]
SOURCE
Sequence
F0IG25_9FLAO
499
1
57547
TrEMBL
E0SSL3_IGNAA
Ignisphaera aggregans (strain DSM 17230 / JCM 13409 / AQ1.S1)
685
7
78232
TrEMBL
G4SWQ7_META2
Methylomicrobium alcaliphilum (strain DSM 19304 / NCIMB 14124 / VKM B-2133 / 20Z)
507
0
56017
TrEMBL
E4RWY8_LEAB4
Leadbetterella byssophila (strain DSM 17132 / KACC 11308 / 4M15)
499
0
56872
TrEMBL
F2IDP7_FLUTR
Fluviicola taffensis (strain DSM 16823 / NCIMB 13979 / RW262)
507
2
57967
TrEMBL
C7PAZ8_CHIPD
Chitinophaga pinensis (strain ATCC 43595 / DSM 2588 / NCIB 11800 / UQM 2034)
501
0
56443
TrEMBL
A0A212J001_9DELT
503
2
54662
TrEMBL
F6CMI9_DESK7
Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii (strain DSM 6115 / VKM B-1805 / 17)
699
7
76681
TrEMBL
D2AY40_STRRD
Streptosporangium roseum (strain ATCC 12428 / DSM 43021 / JCM 3005 / NI 9100)
562
1
60123
TrEMBL
D6Z2Q8_DESAT
Desulfurivibrio alkaliphilus (strain DSM 19089 / UNIQEM U267 / AHT2)
505
0
55692
TrEMBL
F9EH37_9ACTO
750
0
80685
TrEMBL
A0A212JG90_9DELT
496
2
53603
TrEMBL
K9XND8_STAC7
Stanieria cyanosphaera (strain ATCC 29371 / PCC 7437)
517
0
56024
TrEMBL
K9ZG42_ANACC
Anabaena cylindrica (strain ATCC 27899 / PCC 7122)
499
0
55389
TrEMBL
F0NZ56_WEEVC
Weeksella virosa (strain ATCC 43766 / DSM 16922 / JCM 21250 / NBRC 16016 / NCTC 11634 / CL345/78)
508
0
58303
TrEMBL
E6VHB0_RHOPX
Rhodopseudomonas palustris (strain DX-1)
712
6
75949
TrEMBL
K9XVJ1_STAC7
Stanieria cyanosphaera (strain ATCC 29371 / PCC 7437)
506
0
56331
TrEMBL
D0LR10_HALO1
Haliangium ochraceum (strain DSM 14365 / JCM 11303 / SMP-2)
544
0
60119
TrEMBL
E0NQA2_9BACT
498
0
55309
TrEMBL
F0R554_BACSH
Bacteroides salanitronis (strain DSM 18170 / JCM 13567 / BL78)
491
0
54619
TrEMBL
D5U790_BRAM5
Brachyspira murdochii (strain ATCC 51284 / DSM 12563 / 56-150)
542
2
61994
TrEMBL
F8AXL1_FRADG
Frankia symbiont subsp. Datisca glomerata
514
1
56014
TrEMBL
C7M9F5_CAPOD
Capnocytophaga ochracea (strain ATCC 27872 / DSM 7271 / JCM 12966 / NCTC 12371 / VPI 2845)
499
0
56504
TrEMBL
C6BXP8_DESAD
Desulfovibrio salexigens (strain ATCC 14822 / DSM 2638 / NCIB 8403 / VKM B-1763)
498
1
54916
TrEMBL
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
60000
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
E34A
-
mutant, mutation within the highly conserved region of the dinucleotide-binding motif
E96A
-
mutant, mutation within the highly conserved region of the dinucleotide-binding motif
E34A
-
mutant, mutation within the highly conserved region of the dinucleotide-binding motif
E96A
-
mutant, mutation within the highly conserved region of the dinucleotide-binding motif
additional information
-
generation of RetSat-/- mice, phenotype in comparison to wild-type mice, overview
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CLONED/commentary
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
expressed in T-REx-293 cells; into the Xho I site of pCDNA4/TO and expressed in T-REx-293 cells, cloned into the vector pCRII-TOPO
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
in adipocytes down-regulated in obesity
incubation of mature adipocytes with pioglitazone or the non-thiazolidinedione ligand GW7845 increases RetSat mRNA expression, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, PPARgamma, is required for RetSat expression in mature adipocytes
incubation of mature adipocytes with pioglitazone or the non-thiazolidinedione ligand GW7845 increases RetSat mRNA expression, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, PPARgamma, is required for RetSat expression in mature adipocytes
-
incubation of mature adipocytes with pioglitazone or the non-thiazolidinedione ligand GW7845 increases RetSat mRNA expression, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma, PPARgamma, is required for RetSat expression in mature adipocytes
-
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
analysis
-
the mouse pluripotent P-19 cell metabolizes retinol to atRA and thus can be used in a cell-based screen for disruptors of the pathway. The disruption of the pathway is easily detected and quantitated, the P-19 cell provides an in vitro model system for identifying and exploring the mechanism of action of chemicals that interfere with the critical cellular pathway
medicine
additional information
medicine
-
RetSat plays an important role in the biology of adipocytes, where it favors normal differentiation, yet is reduced in the obese state, RetSat is thus a novel target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic disease
medicine
-
RetSat plays an important role in the biology of adipocytes, where it favors normal differentiation, yet is reduced in the obese state, RetSat is thus a novel target for therapeutic intervention in metabolic disease
additional information
-
conserved function but altered specificity of RetSat in vertebrates
additional information
conserved function but altered specificity of RetSat in vertebrates
additional information
-
conserved function but altered specificity of RetSat in vertebrates
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REF.
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Moise, A.R.; Kuksa, V.; Imanishi, Y.; Palczewski, K.
Identification of all-trans-retinol:all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol saturase
J. Biol. Chem.
279
50230-50242
2004
Mus musculus, Mus musculus (Q64FW2)
brenda
Moise, A.R.; Kuksa, V.; Blaner, W.S.; Baehr, W.; Palczewski, K.
Metabolism and transactivation activity of 13,14-dihydroretinoic acid
J. Biol. Chem.
280
27815-27825
2005
Mus musculus
brenda
Moise, A.R.; Isken, A.; Dominguez, M.; Lera, A.R.; Lintig, J.; Palczewski, K.
Specificity of zebrafish retinol saturase: formation of all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinol and all-trans-7,8-dihydroretinol
Biochemistry
46
1811-1820
2007
Danio rerio, Danio rerio (Q5BLE8), Mus musculus
brenda
Nagaoka-Yasuda, R.; Matsuo, N.; Perkins, B.; Limbaeck-Stokin, K.; Mayford, M.
An RNAi-based genetic screen for oxidative stress resistance reveals retinol saturase as a mediator of stress resistance
Free Radic. Biol. Med.
43
781-788
2007
Mus musculus (Q64FW2)
brenda
Moise, A.R.; Alvarez, S.; Dominguez, M.; Alvarez, R.; Golczak, M.; Lobo, G.P.; von Lintig, J.; de Lera, A.R.; Palczewski, K.
Activation of retinoic acid receptors by dihydroretinoids
Mol. Pharmacol.
76
1228-1237
2009
Homo sapiens
brenda
Schupp, M.; Lefterova, M.I.; Janke, J.; Leitner, K.; Cristancho, A.G.; Mullican, S.E.; Qatanani, M.; Szwergold, N.; Steger, D.J.; Curtin, J.C.; Kim, R.J.; Suh, M.J.; Suh, M.; Albert, M.R.; Engeli, S.; Gudas, L.J.; Lazar, M.A.
Retinol saturase promotes adipogenesis and is downregulated in obesity
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
106
1105-1110
2009
Homo sapiens, Mus musculus
brenda
Moise, A.R.; Lobo, G.P.; Erokwu, B.; Wilson, D.L.; Peck, D.; Alvarez, S.; Dominguez, M.; Alvarez, R.; Flask, C.A.; de Lera, A.R.; von Lintig, J.; Palczewski, K.
Increased adiposity in the retinol saturase-knockout mouse
FASEB J.
24
1261-1270
2010
Mus musculus
brenda
Chen, Y.; Reese, D.H.
The retinol signaling pathway in mouse pluripotent P19 cells
J. Cell. Biochem.
112
2865-2872
2011
Mus musculus
brenda
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