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Information on EC 1.3.7.12 - red chlorophyll catabolite reductase
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1.3.7.12 red chlorophyll catabolite reductaseIUBMB Comments
The enzyme participates in chlorophyll degradation, which occurs during leaf senescence and fruit ripening in higher plants. The reaction requires reduced ferredoxin, which is generated from NADPH produced either through the pentose-phosphate pathway or by the action of photosystem I [1,2]. This reaction takes place while red chlorophyll catabolite is still bound to EC 1.14.15.17, pheophorbide a oxygenase . Depending on the plant species used as the source of enzyme, one of two possible C-1 epimers of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (pFCC), pFCC-1 or pFCC-2, is normally formed, with all genera or species within a family producing the same isomer [3,4]. After modification and export, pFCCs are eventually imported into the vacuole, where the acidic environment causes their non-enzymic conversion into colourless breakdown products called non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) .
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Word Map
- 1.3.7.12
- oxygenase
- pheophorbide
- pao
-
macrocycle
- porphyrin
-
pheide
- chlorophyllase
-
colorless
-
pheophytinase
-
phototoxic
-
nonfluorescent
-
light-dependent
-
ferredoxin-dependent
-
dark-induced
-
stay-green
-
bilin
-
degreening
-
chl-binding
-
postharvest
- agriculture
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
Reaction Schemes
+
2
=
+
2
+
2
+
2
oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
=
+
2
reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
+
2
Synonyms
red chlorophyll catabolite reductase, rcc reductase, red chl catabolite reductase, carccr, atrccr, brrccr, acd2 protein, borccr, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
AtRCCR
EC 1.3.1.80
-
-
formerly
-
RCC reductase
RCCR
red Chl catabolite reductase
red chlorophyll catabolite reductase
red-chlorophyll-catabolite reductase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
-
-
-
-
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
reaction pathway overview
-
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
reaction pathway overview
-
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
reaction pathway overview
-
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
reaction pathway overview
-
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
reaction pathway overview
-
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
reaction pathway overview
-
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
reaction pathway overview
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster = red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
The enzyme participates in chlorophyll degradation, which occurs during leaf senescence and fruit ripening in higher plants. The reaction requires reduced ferredoxin, which is generated from NADPH produced either through the pentose-phosphate pathway or by the action of photosystem I [1,2]. This reaction takes place while red chlorophyll catabolite is still bound to EC 1.14.15.17, pheophorbide a oxygenase [3]. Depending on the plant species used as the source of enzyme, one of two possible C-1 epimers of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite (pFCC), pFCC-1 or pFCC-2, is normally formed, with all genera or species within a family producing the same isomer [3,4]. After modification and export, pFCCs are eventually imported into the vacuole, where the acidic environment causes their non-enzymic conversion into colourless breakdown products called non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) [2].
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
199618-44-5
-
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + NADP+
red chlorophyll catabolite + NADPH + H+
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
red chlorophyll catabolite + reduced acceptor
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + acceptor
-
three different primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites are produced, two of which could be identified as the stereoisomeric pFCCs from canola (Brassica napus) (pFCC-1) and sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) (pFCC-2), respectively
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + reduced acceptor
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + oxidized acceptor
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + NADP+
red chlorophyll catabolite + NADPH + H+
stereospecific reaction
red chlorophyll catabolite, RCC, binding does not drastically change the RCCR structure, binding structure and mechanism analysis, overview. Comparison of the RCC-binding pockets of wild-type RCCRDELTA49 and F218V RCCRDELTA49, overview
-
r
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + NADP+
red chlorophyll catabolite + NADPH + H+
stereospecific reaction. RCCR catalyzes the ferredoxin-dependent and site-specific reduction of the C20/C1 double bond of red chlorophyll catabolite, RCC, the catabolic intermediate produced in chlorophyll degradation
-
-
r
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
catabolite pFCC-3
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
formation of a stereospecific product, overview
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
a red tetrapyrrole
two different fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites are formed from red chlorophyll catabolite and identified as primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite and its C1 epimer, 1-epi-pFCC
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
loose substrate binding allows for conformation change during the reaction, stereospcific reaction, mechanism, overview
formation of a stereospecific product, overview
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
reduction of the C20/C1 double bond of red chlorophyll catabolite is catalyzed by RCCR in a stereospecific manner forming the C1 isomer pFCC-1
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
product epimer Bn-FCC-2
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
a red tetrapyrrole
two different fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites are formed from red chlorophyll catabolite and identified as primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite and its C1 epimer, 1-epi-pFCC
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen, stereospecificity towards reduction of C1
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
i.e. Ca-pFCC-2, or 1-epi-FCC, or (1zeta,132R,17S,18S)-31,32-didehydro-1,4,5,10,17,18,20,22-octahydro-132-(methoxycarbonyl)-4,5-dioxo-4,5-secophytoporphyrin
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
stereospecificity towards reduction of C1
two products identified as pFCC-1 and pFCC-2, that have identical constitutions but differ in the absolute configuration at C1
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
Cleome graveolens
-
-
catabolite pFCC-0, possible representing a modified version of either pFCC-1 or -2
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
Cycas sp.
-
-
catabolite pFCC-3
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
Equisetum sp.
-
-
catabolite pFCC-3
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
stereospecificity towards reduction of C1
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
stereospecificity towards reduction of C1
three products identified as pFCC-1 and pFCC-2, that have identical constitutions but differ in the absolute configuration at C1, and pFCC-3 with undetermined structure
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
stereospecificity towards reduction of C1
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
catabolite pFCC-3
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
Selaginella sp.
-
-
catabolite pFCC-3
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
catabolite pFCC-3
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
catabolite pFCC-0, possible representing a modified version of either pFCC-1 or -2
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + reduced acceptor
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + oxidized acceptor
chlorophyll catabolism, leaf senescence, ring-opening activity, a reduction destroys the residual conjugated bond system to yield the colourless product
pFCC, the fate of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite is to be conjugated, imported into the vacuole and tautomerized to accumulate there as non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites and possibly other terminal catabolites
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + reduced acceptor
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + oxidized acceptor
the key steps in the degradation pathway of chlorophylls are the ring-opening reaction catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase and sequential reduction by RCCR, RCCR catalyzes the ferredoxin-dependent reduction of the C20/C1 double bond of red chlorophyll catabolite
in the acidic environment of vacuoles, primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite is spontaneously converted into nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
cell death gene ACD2 encodes red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and suppresses the spread of disease symptoms
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
with Arabidopsis RCCR, the C1 isomer pFCC-1 is formed. RCCR could be required to mediate an efficient interaction between red chlorophyll catabolite (still bound to pheophorbide a oxygenase) and ferredoxin, thereby enabling a fast, regio-, and stereoselective reduction to blue-fluorescing intermediate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
RCCR absence causes leaf cell death as a result of the accumulation of photodynamic RCC. RCCR (together with pheophorbide a oxygenase) is required for the detoxification of chlorophyll catabolites
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
RCCR absence causes leaf cell death as a result of the accumulation of photodynamic RCC. RCCR (together with pheophorbide a oxygenase) is required for the detoxification of chlorophyll catabolites
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in chlorophyll breakdown in senescent Arabidopsis leaves
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the major product of reduction of red chlorophyll catabolite is pFCC1, but small quantities of its C1 epimer, pFCC-2, also accumulate. Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and pheophorbide a oxygenase catalyse the key reaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphin macrocycle cleavage of pheide a to a primary fluorescent catabolite
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
strongly interacts with catabolic enzymes (CCEs), NONYELLOW COLORING1 (NYC1), pheophorbide a oxygenase (PAO), NYC1-LIKE (NOL) and pheophytinase
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme interacts with the 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase, HCAR, in in yeast two-hybrid assay and in Arabidopsis thaliana chlorophyll catabolism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in pFCC-1 of Brassica napus as well as in Chlorella protothecoides 18O is only found in the formyl group of pyrrole B, and the respective enzymes are monooxygenases. The lactam oxygen in pyrrole A is most probably derived from H2O
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in breakdown of chlorophyll
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
in pFCC-1 of Brassica napus as well as in Chlorella protothecoides 18O is only found in the formyl group of pyrrole B, and hence the respective enzymes are monooxygenases. The lactam oxygen in pyrrole A is most probably derived from H2O
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Cleome graveolens
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Cycas sp.
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Equisetum sp.
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is involved in chlorophyll breakdown
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the major product of reduction of red chlorophyll catabolite is pFCC1, but small quantities of its C1 epimer, pFCC-2, also accumulate. Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and pheophorbide a oxygenase catalyse the key eaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphin macrocycle cleavage of pheide a to a primary fluorescent catabolite
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the major product of reduction of red chlorophyll catabolite is pFCC1, but small quantities of its C1 epimer, pFCC-2, also accumulate. Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and pheophorbide a oxygenase catalyse the key eaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphin macrocycle cleavage of pheide a to a primary fluorescent catabolite
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Selaginella sp.
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
with tomato RCCR, the C1 isomer pFCC-2 is formed
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
spinach RCCR produces the C1 isomer pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
when heterologous combinations of PaO and RCCR are tested, the type of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite turns out to be invariably determined by the source of RCCR, i.e. the slightly more polar pFCC-1 or the less polar pFCC-2
-
-
?
Please wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + NADP+
red chlorophyll catabolite + NADPH + H+
stereospecific reaction. RCCR catalyzes the ferredoxin-dependent and site-specific reduction of the C20/C1 double bond of red chlorophyll catabolite, RCC, the catabolic intermediate produced in chlorophyll degradation
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-
r
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
red chlorophyll catabolite + reduced acceptor
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + oxidized acceptor
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
two atoms of oxygen are introduced into RCC, pFCC-1 and the corresponding red catabolites of Chlorella protothecoides and production of pFCC-1 from Pheide a requires dioxygen
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
Cleome graveolens
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-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
Cycas sp.
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-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
Equisetum sp.
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-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
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-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
in Chlorella, the release of red pigments is correlated with the loss of chlorophyll only if the cells are kept in the dark. These pigments are neither produced in light-grown cells nor in the dark if a source of nitrogen is provided
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
Selaginella sp.
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-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
-
?
red chlorophyll catabolite + 2 reduced ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster + 2 H+
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + 2 oxidized ferredoxin [iron-sulfur] cluster
-
-
-
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + reduced acceptor
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + oxidized acceptor
chlorophyll catabolism, leaf senescence, ring-opening activity, a reduction destroys the residual conjugated bond system to yield the colourless product
pFCC, the fate of primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite is to be conjugated, imported into the vacuole and tautomerized to accumulate there as non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites and possibly other terminal catabolites
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?
red chlorophyll catabolite + reduced acceptor
primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite + oxidized acceptor
the key steps in the degradation pathway of chlorophylls are the ring-opening reaction catalyzed by pheophorbide a oxygenase and sequential reduction by RCCR, RCCR catalyzes the ferredoxin-dependent reduction of the C20/C1 double bond of red chlorophyll catabolite
in the acidic environment of vacuoles, primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite is spontaneously converted into nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolites
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?
additional information
?
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-
cell death gene ACD2 encodes red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and suppresses the spread of disease symptoms
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?
additional information
?
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with Arabidopsis RCCR, the C1 isomer pFCC-1 is formed. RCCR could be required to mediate an efficient interaction between red chlorophyll catabolite (still bound to pheophorbide a oxygenase) and ferredoxin, thereby enabling a fast, regio-, and stereoselective reduction to blue-fluorescing intermediate
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?
additional information
?
-
RCCR absence causes leaf cell death as a result of the accumulation of photodynamic RCC. RCCR (together with pheophorbide a oxygenase) is required for the detoxification of chlorophyll catabolites
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?
additional information
?
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-
RCCR absence causes leaf cell death as a result of the accumulation of photodynamic RCC. RCCR (together with pheophorbide a oxygenase) is required for the detoxification of chlorophyll catabolites
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?
additional information
?
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-
the enzyme is involved in chlorophyll breakdown in senescent Arabidopsis leaves
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?
additional information
?
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the major product of reduction of red chlorophyll catabolite is pFCC1, but small quantities of its C1 epimer, pFCC-2, also accumulate. Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and pheophorbide a oxygenase catalyse the key reaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphin macrocycle cleavage of pheide a to a primary fluorescent catabolite
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?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme interacts with the 7-hydroxymethyl chlorophyll a reductase, HCAR, in in yeast two-hybrid assay and in Arabidopsis thaliana chlorophyll catabolism
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?
additional information
?
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-
in pFCC-1 of Brassica napus as well as in Chlorella protothecoides 18O is only found in the formyl group of pyrrole B, and the respective enzymes are monooxygenases. The lactam oxygen in pyrrole A is most probably derived from H2O
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?
additional information
?
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-
the enzyme is involved in breakdown of chlorophyll
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?
additional information
?
-
-
in pFCC-1 of Brassica napus as well as in Chlorella protothecoides 18O is only found in the formyl group of pyrrole B, and hence the respective enzymes are monooxygenases. The lactam oxygen in pyrrole A is most probably derived from H2O
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?
additional information
?
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-
the enzyme is involved in chlorophyll breakdown
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-
?
additional information
?
-
the major product of reduction of red chlorophyll catabolite is pFCC1, but small quantities of its C1 epimer, pFCC-2, also accumulate. Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and pheophorbide a oxygenase catalyse the key eaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphin macrocycle cleavage of pheide a to a primary fluorescent catabolite
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the major product of reduction of red chlorophyll catabolite is pFCC1, but small quantities of its C1 epimer, pFCC-2, also accumulate. Red chlorophyll catabolite reductase and pheophorbide a oxygenase catalyse the key eaction of chlorophyll catabolism, porphin macrocycle cleavage of pheide a to a primary fluorescent catabolite
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?
additional information
?
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-
with tomato RCCR, the C1 isomer pFCC-2 is formed
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?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
Ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is ferredoxin dependent, but appears to lack a metal or flavin cofactor, indicating that electrons are directly transferred from ferredoxin to RCC
-
Ferredoxin
ferredoxin dependent, but appears to lack a metal or flavin cofactor, indicating that electrons are directly transferred from ferredoxin to red chlorophyll catabolite, RCC
-
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Fe2+
iron sulfur cluster