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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 1.3.1.83 - geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.3.1.83
Word Map on EC 1.3.1.83
- 1.3.1.83
- chlorophyll
- tocopherol
-
phytyl
-
photosystems
- geranylgeraniol
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light-harvesting
-
light-harvesting-like
- acidocaldarius
- phytoene
- protochlorophyllide
- bacteriochlorophyll
- chlorophyllide
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chlorophyll-binding
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high-light
- phylloquinone
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
1.3.1.83
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
phytyl diphosphate + 3 NADP+ = geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
This enzyme also acts on geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a. The reaction occurs in three steps. Which order the three double bonds are reduced is not known.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
86922-67-0
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
inactivation of the gene chlP encoding the enzyme in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The resulting DELTAchlP mutant accumulates exclusively geranylgeranylated chlorophyll a instead of its phytylated analogue as well as low amounts of alpha-tocotrienol instead of alpha-tocopherol. Whereas the contents of chlorophyll and total carotenoids are decreased, abundance of phycobilisomes is increased in DELTAchlP cells. The mutant assembles functional photosystems I and II as judged from 77 K fluorescence and electron transport measurements. The mutant is unable to grow photoautotrophically due to instability and rapid degradation of the photosystems in the absence of added glucose. It is suggested that instability of the photosystems in DchlP is directly related to accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll a
UniProt
reduction in enzyme activity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants is accompanied by the reduction in total chlorophyll and tocopherol content and the accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll. The presence of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll has no influence on harvesting and transfer of light energy in either photosystem. However, the reduced tocopherol content of the thylakoid membrane is a limiting factor for defensive reactions to photo-oxidative stress
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
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highly conserved regions of characterized geranylgeranyl reductases, GGRs, from archaea, plants, and bacteria, overview
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
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structural basis for recognition of a geranyl group by geranylgeranyl reductases, GGRs, overview
malfunction
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mass spectrometry reveals that cells deleted of HVO_1799 fail to fully reduce the isoprene chains of Hfx. volcanii membrane phospholipids and glycolipids. Likewise, the absence of HVO_1799 leads to a loss of saturation of the omega-position isoprene subunit of C55 and C60 dolichol phosphate, with the effect of HVO_1799 deletion being more pronounced with C60 dolichol phosphate than with C55 dolichol phosphate
malfunction
the light-induced yellow leaf 1-1 (lyl1-1) mutant is hypersensitive to high-light and defective in the Chl synthesis. The mutation of LYL1 leads to conjugation of the majority of Chl molecules with an unsaturated geranylgeraniol side chain. The lyl1-1 mutant suffers from severe photooxidative damage and displays a drastic reduction in the levels of alpha-tocopherol and photosynthetic proteins. The yellowing of lyl1-1 mutant is caused by high-light stress. Mutant lyl1-1 phenotype, overview
malfunction
enzyme deficiency due to a recessive mutation G206S in gene CHLP leads to the yellow-green leaf mutant 502ys. The mutant exhibits reduced level of Chls, arrested development of chloroplasts, and retarded growth rate, phenotype, overview. The mutant phenotype is complemented by transformation with the wild-type gene
malfunction
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mass spectrometry reveals that cells deleted of HVO_1799 fail to fully reduce the isoprene chains of Hfx. volcanii membrane phospholipids and glycolipids. Likewise, the absence of HVO_1799 leads to a loss of saturation of the omega-position isoprene subunit of C55 and C60 dolichol phosphate, with the effect of HVO_1799 deletion being more pronounced with C60 dolichol phosphate than with C55 dolichol phosphate
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metabolism
the three-step hydrogenation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate into phytyl diphosphate, and Chl-geranylgeranylated (ChlGG) and Chl-phytol (ChlPhy) is catalyzed by NADPH-dependent geranylgeranyl reductase. ENzyme LYL1 protects against lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species, ROS
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the reduction step from Chl-geranylgeranylated (ChlGG) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to Chl-phytol (ChlPhy) and phytyl diphosphate (PPP) in rice
physiological function
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DGGR catalyzes a critical step in the biosynthesis of archaeal membrane lipids. The saturation of hydrocarbon chains confers the ability to resist hydrolysis and oxidation and helps archaea withstand extreme conditions
physiological function
the enzyme is involved in the reduction step from Chl-geranylgeranylated (ChlGG) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to Chl-phytol (ChlPhy) and phytyl diphosphate (PPP) in rice. Enzyme LYL1 also plays an important role in response to high-light in rice
physiological function
geranylgeranyl reductase (CHL P) catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate, and provides phytol for both Chlorophyll (Chl) and tocopherol synthesis. The enzyme is involved in the reduction step from Chl-geranylgeranylated (ChlGG) and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) to Chl-phytol (ChlPhy) and phytyl diphosphate (PPP) in rice
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
geranylgeranyl-bacteriochlorophyll a + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl-bacteriochlorophyll a + 3 NADP+
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-
-
?
geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl-chlorophyll + 3 NADP+
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reduction in enzyme activity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants is accompanied by the reduction in total chlorophyll and tocopherol content and the accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll. The presence of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll has no influence on harvesting and transfer of light energy in either photosystem. However, the reduced tocopherol content of the thylakoid membrane is a limiting factor for defensive reactions to photo-oxidative stress
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl diphosphate + 3 NADP+
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-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl diphosphate + 3 NADP+
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-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
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-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
due to its multifunctionality and weak hydrophobicity, it is suggested that in plastids the same geranylgeranyl reductase is recruited into the chlorophyll, the tocopherol and the phylloquinone pathways. The geranylgeranyl reductase gene is up-regulated during etioplast to chloroplast and chloroplast to chromoplast development
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
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-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
this enzyme P provides phytol for both tocopherol and chlorophyll synthesis
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
the transcription of geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase is likely to be regulated during leaf development. Transcription is stimulated by light, but repressed by dark and cold stress. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase expression is regulated by photosynthetic activity and is possibly involved in the defence response
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
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-
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-
?
additional information
?
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geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols
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-
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additional information
?
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geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl-chlorophyll + 3 NADP+
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reduction in enzyme activity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants is accompanied by the reduction in total chlorophyll and tocopherol content and the accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll. The presence of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll has no influence on harvesting and transfer of light energy in either photosystem. However, the reduced tocopherol content of the thylakoid membrane is a limiting factor for defensive reactions to photo-oxidative stress
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl diphosphate + 3 NADP+
U5LY03
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl diphosphate + 3 NADP+
Q6Z2T6
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-
-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
Q9CA67
due to its multifunctionality and weak hydrophobicity, it is suggested that in plastids the same geranylgeranyl reductase is recruited into the chlorophyll, the tocopherol and the phylloquinone pathways. The geranylgeranyl reductase gene is up-regulated during etioplast to chloroplast and chloroplast to chromoplast development
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
Q9ZS34
this enzyme P provides phytol for both tocopherol and chlorophyll synthesis
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
Q6XJV3
the transcription of geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase is likely to be regulated during leaf development. Transcription is stimulated by light, but repressed by dark and cold stress. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase expression is regulated by photosynthetic activity and is possibly involved in the defence response
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?
additional information
?
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Q55087
geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols
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-
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additional information
?
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geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
the geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase message is abundant in chlorophyll-containing tissues and flower organs, but barely detected in the roots and mesocarp of ripening fruits, suggesting that transcription is related to plastid types and maturation
additional information
the geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase mRNA is abundant in chlorophyll-containing tissues and flower organs, but barely detected in the roots and mesocarp of ripening fruits, suggesting that transcription is related to plastid types and maturation. mRNA is spread thoroughly in leaf cells during the early stages and is located mainly in the palisade of mature leaves, which exhibit higher transcript levels than young ones. Hence, the transcription of geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase is likely to be regulated during leaf development. Transcription is stimulated by light, but repressed by dark and cold stress. In wounded leaves, the message decreases, but recovers rapidly, whereas in curled leaves, a reduction in gene expression is related to leaf damage intensity
additional information
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geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase mRNA is not revealed in shoot apical meristems
additional information
geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase mRNA is not revealed in shoot apical meristems
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770)
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770)
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
51680
protein that harbours a transit peptide for cytoplasm-to-chloroplast transport, calculated from sequence
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SUBUNITS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
gene CHLP, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, map-based cloning and fine mapping of the 502ys locus, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic tree
gene LYL1, map-based cloning of LYL1, phylogenetic analysis, quantitative real-time PCR enzyme expression analysis
geranylgeranyl reductase expressed in Escherichia coli sequentially catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a into phytyl-chlorophyll a as well as the reduction of free geranylgeranyl diphosphate into phytyl diphosphate
the coding region of a truncated CHL P peptide (amino acid residues 50�464) is fused in frame behind the initiation codon into an Escherichia coli expression vector, Chl P expression in CHL P-deficient transgenic plants under two different light intensities
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
LYL1 is induced by light and suppressed by darkness which is consistent with its potential biological functions
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ENGINEERING
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
G206S
naturally occuring mutation, the phenotype of the 502ys mutant is controlled by a recessive mutation in a nuclear gene on the long arm of rice chromosome 2, map-based cloning. The mutant phenotype is complemented by transformation with the wild-type gene
additional information
analysis of properties and phenotype of mutant lyl1-1, the mutation of LYL1 leads to an accumulation of Chl intermediates and a deficiency of alpha-tocopherol, overview. The C-to-T substitution results in a change from an alanine residue to valine in the encoded protein in lyl1-1. Enzyme knockout by RNA interference, phenotype of a 3-week-old RNAi transgenic plant
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.3.1.83)
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