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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 1.3.1.83 - geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.3.1.83
Word Map on EC 1.3.1.83
- 1.3.1.83
- chlorophyll
- tocopherol
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phytyl
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photosystems
- geranylgeraniol
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light-harvesting
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light-harvesting-like
- acidocaldarius
- phytoene
- protochlorophyllide
- bacteriochlorophyll
- chlorophyllide
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chlorophyll-binding
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high-light
- phylloquinone
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The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
1.3.1.83
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
phytyl diphosphate + 3 NADP+ = geranylgeranyl diphosphate + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
geranylgeranyl-diphosphate:NADP+ oxidoreductase
This enzyme also acts on geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a. The reaction occurs in three steps. Which order the three double bonds are reduced is not known.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
86922-67-0
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
inactivation of the gene chlP encoding the enzyme in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. The resulting DELTAchlP mutant accumulates exclusively geranylgeranylated chlorophyll a instead of its phytylated analogue as well as low amounts of alpha-tocotrienol instead of alpha-tocopherol. Whereas the contents of chlorophyll and total carotenoids are decreased, abundance of phycobilisomes is increased in DELTAchlP cells. The mutant assembles functional photosystems I and II as judged from 77 K fluorescence and electron transport measurements. The mutant is unable to grow photoautotrophically due to instability and rapid degradation of the photosystems in the absence of added glucose. It is suggested that instability of the photosystems in DchlP is directly related to accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll a
UniProt
reduction in enzyme activity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants is accompanied by the reduction in total chlorophyll and tocopherol content and the accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll. The presence of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll has no influence on harvesting and transfer of light energy in either photosystem. However, the reduced tocopherol content of the thylakoid membrane is a limiting factor for defensive reactions to photo-oxidative stress
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
evolution
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highly conserved regions of characterized geranylgeranyl reductases, GGRs, from archaea, plants, and bacteria, overview
malfunction
physiological function
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DGGR catalyzes a critical step in the biosynthesis of archaeal membrane lipids. The saturation of hydrocarbon chains confers the ability to resist hydrolysis and oxidation and helps archaea withstand extreme conditions
additional information
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structural basis for recognition of a geranyl group by geranylgeranyl reductases, GGRs, overview
malfunction
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mass spectrometry reveals that cells deleted of HVO_1799 fail to fully reduce the isoprene chains of Hfx. volcanii membrane phospholipids and glycolipids. Likewise, the absence of HVO_1799 leads to a loss of saturation of the omega-position isoprene subunit of C55 and C60 dolichol phosphate, with the effect of HVO_1799 deletion being more pronounced with C60 dolichol phosphate than with C55 dolichol phosphate
malfunction
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mass spectrometry reveals that cells deleted of HVO_1799 fail to fully reduce the isoprene chains of Hfx. volcanii membrane phospholipids and glycolipids. Likewise, the absence of HVO_1799 leads to a loss of saturation of the omega-position isoprene subunit of C55 and C60 dolichol phosphate, with the effect of HVO_1799 deletion being more pronounced with C60 dolichol phosphate than with C55 dolichol phosphate
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
geranylgeranyl-bacteriochlorophyll a + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl-bacteriochlorophyll a + 3 NADP+
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?
geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl-chlorophyll + 3 NADP+
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reduction in enzyme activity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants is accompanied by the reduction in total chlorophyll and tocopherol content and the accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll. The presence of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll has no influence on harvesting and transfer of light energy in either photosystem. However, the reduced tocopherol content of the thylakoid membrane is a limiting factor for defensive reactions to photo-oxidative stress
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
due to its multifunctionality and weak hydrophobicity, it is suggested that in plastids the same geranylgeranyl reductase is recruited into the chlorophyll, the tocopherol and the phylloquinone pathways. The geranylgeranyl reductase gene is up-regulated during etioplast to chloroplast and chloroplast to chromoplast development
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
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?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
this enzyme P provides phytol for both tocopherol and chlorophyll synthesis
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
the transcription of geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase is likely to be regulated during leaf development. Transcription is stimulated by light, but repressed by dark and cold stress. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase expression is regulated by photosynthetic activity and is possibly involved in the defence response
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
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?
additional information
?
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geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols
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additional information
?
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geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll + 3 NADPH + 3 H+
phytyl-chlorophyll + 3 NADP+
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reduction in enzyme activity in transgenic Nicotiana tabacum plants is accompanied by the reduction in total chlorophyll and tocopherol content and the accumulation of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll. The presence of geranylgeranylated chlorophyll has no influence on harvesting and transfer of light energy in either photosystem. However, the reduced tocopherol content of the thylakoid membrane is a limiting factor for defensive reactions to photo-oxidative stress
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
Q9CA67
due to its multifunctionality and weak hydrophobicity, it is suggested that in plastids the same geranylgeranyl reductase is recruited into the chlorophyll, the tocopherol and the phylloquinone pathways. The geranylgeranyl reductase gene is up-regulated during etioplast to chloroplast and chloroplast to chromoplast development
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
Q9ZS34
this enzyme P provides phytol for both tocopherol and chlorophyll synthesis
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-
?
geranylgeranyl diphosphate + NADPH + H+
phytyl diphosphate + NADP+
Q6XJV3
the transcription of geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase is likely to be regulated during leaf development. Transcription is stimulated by light, but repressed by dark and cold stress. Geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase expression is regulated by photosynthetic activity and is possibly involved in the defence response
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?
additional information
?
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Q55087
geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols
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additional information
?
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geranylgeranyl reductase catalyses the reduction of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to phytyl diphosphate required for synthesis of chlorophylls, phylloquinone and tocopherols
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
the geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase message is abundant in chlorophyll-containing tissues and flower organs, but barely detected in the roots and mesocarp of ripening fruits, suggesting that transcription is related to plastid types and maturation
the geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase mRNA is abundant in chlorophyll-containing tissues and flower organs, but barely detected in the roots and mesocarp of ripening fruits, suggesting that transcription is related to plastid types and maturation. mRNA is spread thoroughly in leaf cells during the early stages and is located mainly in the palisade of mature leaves, which exhibit higher transcript levels than young ones. Hence, the transcription of geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase is likely to be regulated during leaf development. Transcription is stimulated by light, but repressed by dark and cold stress. In wounded leaves, the message decreases, but recovers rapidly, whereas in curled leaves, a reduction in gene expression is related to leaf damage intensity
additional information
additional information
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geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase mRNA is not revealed in shoot apical meristems
additional information
geranylgeranyl diphosphate reductase mRNA is not revealed in shoot apical meristems
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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PDB
SCOP
CATH
UNIPROT
ORGANISM
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770);
Q4JA33
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770);
Q4JA33
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770);
Q4JA33
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770);
Q4JA33
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770);
Q4JA33
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770);
Q4JA33
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770);
Q4JA33
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius (strain ATCC 33909 / DSM 639 / JCM 8929 / NBRC 15157 / NCIMB 11770);
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
51680
protein that harbours a transit peptide for cytoplasm-to-chloroplast transport, calculated from sequence
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SUBUNITS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
geranylgeranyl reductase expressed in Escherichia coli sequentially catalyzes the reduction of geranylgeranyl-chlorophyll a into phytyl-chlorophyll a as well as the reduction of free geranylgeranyl diphosphate into phytyl diphosphate
the coding region of a truncated CHL P peptide (amino acid residues 50–464) is fused in frame behind the initiation codon into an Escherichia coli expression vector, Chl P expression in CHL P-deficient transgenic plants under two different light intensities
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.3.1.83)
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