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Information on EC 1.14.15.7 - choline monooxygenase
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1.14.15.7 choline monooxygenaseIUBMB Comments
The spinach enzyme, which is located in the chloroplast, contains a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster, and probably also a mononuclear Fe centre. Requires Mg2+. Catalyses the first step of glycine betaine synthesis. In many bacteria, plants and animals, betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. Different enzymes are involved in the first reaction. In plants, the reaction is catalysed by this enzyme whereas in animals and many bacteria it is catalysed by either membrane-bound EC 1.1.99.1 (choline dehydrogenase) or soluble EC 1.1.3.17 (choline oxidase) . The enzyme involved in the second step, EC 1.2.1.8 (betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase), appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In some bacteria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156 (glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase) and EC 2.1.1.157 (sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase).
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Word Map
- 1.14.15.7
- betaine
-
osmoprotectant
- drought
-
badhs
- oleracea
-
spinacia
- glycinebetaine
-
halophyte
- beet
-
atriplex
-
rieske-type
-
rieske
- suaeda
- phosphocholine
-
amaranthus
- hortensis
-
ferredoxin-dependent
- amaranthaceae
- salsa
- tricolor
- agriculture
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Eukaryota, Bacteria, Archaea
Reaction Schemes
Synonyms
choline monooxygenase, ahcmo, apcmo, 
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
choline monooxygenase
choline oxygenase
-
-
-
-
CMO
CMO1
EC 1.14.14.4
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-
formerly
-
CMO
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+ = betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
-
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
redox reaction
-
-
-
-
reduction
oxidation
-
-
-
-
reduction
-
-
-
-
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
choline,reduced-ferredoxin:oxygen oxidoreductase
The spinach enzyme, which is located in the chloroplast, contains a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster, and probably also a mononuclear Fe centre. Requires Mg2+. Catalyses the first step of glycine betaine synthesis. In many bacteria, plants and animals, betaine is synthesized in two steps: (1) choline to betaine aldehyde and (2) betaine aldehyde to betaine. Different enzymes are involved in the first reaction. In plants, the reaction is catalysed by this enzyme whereas in animals and many bacteria it is catalysed by either membrane-bound EC 1.1.99.1 (choline dehydrogenase) or soluble EC 1.1.3.17 (choline oxidase) [7]. The enzyme involved in the second step, EC 1.2.1.8 (betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase), appears to be the same in plants, animals and bacteria. In some bacteria, betaine is synthesized from glycine through the actions of EC 2.1.1.156 (glycine/sarcosine N-methyltransferase) and EC 2.1.1.157 (sarcosine/dimethylglycine N-methyltransferase).
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
118390-76-4
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
?
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
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step in biosynthesis of glycinebetaine
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-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is a key enzyme in betaine synthesis, betaine is synthesized upon abiotic stress via choline oxidation, pathway regulation, overview
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-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
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-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of glycine betaine, overview
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco
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-
?
additional information
?
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choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
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-
?
additional information
?
-
-
choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
-
-
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
step in biosynthesis of glycinebetaine
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is a key enzyme in betaine synthesis, betaine is synthesized upon abiotic stress via choline oxidation, pathway regulation, overview
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of glycine betaine, overview
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
-
-
?
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
O2
-
half-maximal rate with a O2 partial pressure of 2kPa, corresponding to an concentration of 0.025 mM
Ferredoxin
-
ferredoxin is reduced via NADPH and ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase
-
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Fe2+
Iron
Iron
deduced amino acid sequence reveals a Rieske-type, i.e. [2Fe-2S], cluster motif
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
catalase
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stimulation of activity by countering negative effects of H2O2 produced by ferredoxin autoxidation
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Co-ordinate expression of glycine betaine synthesis genes linked by the FMDV 2A region in a single open reading frame in Pichia pastoris.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.1
choline
-
reduced ferredoxin provided by NADPH/ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase or reconstituted chloroplasts
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
0.0001
-
in leaves of plants after salinization with 300 mM NaCl for three days
0.00012
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in roots of untreated plants and after salinization with 100 mM NaCl for three days
0.00018
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in leaves of plants after salinization with 100 mM NaCl for three days
0.00024
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in leaves of plants after salinization with 400 mM NaCl for three days
0.00048
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in roots of plants after salinization with 400 mM NaCl for three days
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
7.7
-
reduced ferredoxin provided by NADPH/ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase or reconstituted chloroplasts
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
-
colocalization with betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase
brenda
additional information
expression is induced by salt, drought and heat stress
brenda
expression is induced by salt stress, AnCMO transcript is regulated on a daily, i.e. circardian rhythm
brenda
high content of glycine betaine, more in the older leaf blades, but little in the florets and internodes
brenda
additional information
-
no expression in bladder hairs or young leaf laminae
brenda
additional information
-
high expression level in shoots compared to roots under salt stress
brenda
additional information
-
salt treatment results in increased expression of the enzyme mainly in the leaves but not in the roots
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
additional information
additional information
no activity in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum-containing microsome fraction, as well as chloroplasts
-
brenda
additional information
-
no activity in mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum-containing microsome fraction, as well as chloroplasts
-
brenda
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
-
the CMO upstream regulatory region reveals a number of stress response-related elements, some of which may be involved in the stress tolerance shown by this species. Salt stress is perceived differently by cells than in whole plants
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyze the first and second steps in the biosynthesis of glycine betaine in betaine-accumulating plants
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine
metabolism
glycine betaine is a compatible quaternary amine that enables plants to tolerate abiotic stresses, including salt, drought and cold. In plants, glycine betaine is synthesized through two-step of successive oxidations from choline, catalyzed by choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. Oryza sativa is a typical non-glycine betaine accumulating species. The genome sequencing reveals orthologues of both choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, but, while the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase is functional, the choline monooxygenase of japonica rice plant is not. Nevertheless the heterologously expressed rice enzyme is active in tabacco plants, overview
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the first stepin biosynthesis of glycine betaine. The second step is catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase
physiological function
the enzyme catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine from cholesterol via betaine aldehyde. Glycine betaine is an osmoprotectant that accumulates in case of high salinity, and drought or cold stress
physiological function
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine, which preferentially protects young organs against salt-induced damage by altering the expression of glycine betaine biosynthetic proteins at a translational level
physiological function
antisense CMO plants show decreased activity of glycine betaine synthesis from choline compared to wild-type plants, with glycine betaine contents being similar between transgenic and wild-type plants with the exception of young leaves and storage roots. Transgenic plants show enhanced susceptibility to salt stress
physiological function
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increase of betaine content in bladder hairs under high salinity is associated with induced expression of the choline monooxygenayse protein in mature leaves
physiological function
-
the ability to utilize choline as a sole nitrogen source correlates strongly with the presence of Cmo1. Deletion of the gene abolishes the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to utilize choline as the sole nitrogen source, but does not affect its ability to use methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine or glycine as nitrogen sources
physiological function
the intracellular glycine betaine level and the tolerance to salt stress of the transgenic lines overexpressing CMO1 are significantly enhanced
physiological function
-
the ability to utilize choline as a sole nitrogen source correlates strongly with the presence of Cmo1. Deletion of the gene abolishes the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to utilize choline as the sole nitrogen source, but does not affect its ability to use methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine or glycine as nitrogen sources
-
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
49000
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SUBUNIT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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PROTEIN VARIANTS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
C181A
second Cys in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of Rieske-type cluster to Ser, Ala and Thr, essential for activity
C181S
second Cys in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of Rieske-type cluster to Ser, Ala and Thr, essential for activity