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choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
additional information
?
-
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: step in biosynthesis of glycinebetaine
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: the enzyme is a key enzyme in betaine synthesis, betaine is synthesized upon abiotic stress via choline oxidation, pathway regulation, overview
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of glycine betaine, overview
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
Products: -
?
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choline + O2 + 2 reduced ferredoxin + 2 H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + 2 oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
additional information
?
-
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: step in biosynthesis of glycinebetaine
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: the enzyme is a key enzyme in betaine synthesis, betaine is synthesized upon abiotic stress via choline oxidation, pathway regulation, overview
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: the enzyme is involved in biosynthesis of glycine betaine, overview
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
choline + O2 + reduced ferredoxin + H+
betaine aldehyde hydrate + H2O + oxidized ferredoxin
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: choline monooxygenase and two betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase homologues are required for glycine betaine synthesis, pathway overview
Products: -
?
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additional information
-
the CMO upstream regulatory region reveals a number of stress response-related elements, some of which may be involved in the stress tolerance shown by this species. Salt stress is perceived differently by cells than in whole plants
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase catalyze the first and second steps in the biosynthesis of glycine betaine in betaine-accumulating plants
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine
metabolism
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine
metabolism
glycine betaine is a compatible quaternary amine that enables plants to tolerate abiotic stresses, including salt, drought and cold. In plants, glycine betaine is synthesized through two-step of successive oxidations from choline, catalyzed by choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, respectively. Oryza sativa is a typical non-glycine betaine accumulating species. The genome sequencing reveals orthologues of both choline monooxygenase and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, but, while the betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase is functional, the choline monooxygenase of japonica rice plant is not. Nevertheless the heterologously expressed rice enzyme is active in tabacco plants, overview
metabolism
the enzyme catalyzes the first stepin biosynthesis of glycine betaine. The second step is catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase
physiological function
the enzyme catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine from cholesterol via betaine aldehyde. Glycine betaine is an osmoprotectant that accumulates in case of high salinity, and drought or cold stress
physiological function
-
choline monooxygenase is the first regulatory enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for glycine betaine, which preferentially protects young organs against salt-induced damage by altering the expression of glycine betaine biosynthetic proteins at a translational level
physiological function
antisense CMO plants show decreased activity of glycine betaine synthesis from choline compared to wild-type plants, with glycine betaine contents being similar between transgenic and wild-type plants with the exception of young leaves and storage roots. Transgenic plants show enhanced susceptibility to salt stress
physiological function
-
increase of betaine content in bladder hairs under high salinity is associated with induced expression of the choline monooxygenayse protein in mature leaves
physiological function
-
the ability to utilize choline as a sole nitrogen source correlates strongly with the presence of Cmo1. Deletion of the gene abolishes the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to utilize choline as the sole nitrogen source, but does not affect its ability to use methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine or glycine as nitrogen sources
physiological function
the intracellular glycine betaine level and the tolerance to salt stress of the transgenic lines overexpressing CMO1 are significantly enhanced
physiological function
-
the ability to utilize choline as a sole nitrogen source correlates strongly with the presence of Cmo1. Deletion of the gene abolishes the ability of Scheffersomyces stipitis to utilize choline as the sole nitrogen source, but does not affect its ability to use methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, ethylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine or glycine as nitrogen sources
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C181A
second Cys in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of Rieske-type cluster to Ser, Ala and Thr, essential for activity
C181S
second Cys in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of Rieske-type cluster to Ser, Ala and Thr, essential for activity
C181T
second Cys in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of Rieske-type cluster to Ser, Ala and Thr, essential for activity
H287A
first His in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of mononuclear non-heme Fe to Gly, Ala, and Val, His-287 is essential for activity
H287G
first His in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of mononuclear non-heme Fe to Gly, Ala, and Val, His-287 is essential for activity
H287V
first His in the putative consensus sequence for coordination of mononuclear non-heme Fe to Gly, Ala, and Val, His-287 is essential for activity
additional information
-
overexpression of enzyme of the glycine betaine synthesis pathway increase the tolerance to abiotic stress, i.e. salt and drought stresses, and toxic concentrations of choline, phenotype, overview
additional information
functional defect at the rice choline monooxygenase locus from an unusual post-transcriptional processing is associated with the sequence elements of short-direct repeats, production of incorrect CMO transcripts results in a deficiency of the full-length CMO protein and probably reduces glycine betaine accumulation, overview
additional information
-
functional defect at the rice choline monooxygenase locus from an unusual post-transcriptional processing is associated with the sequence elements of short-direct repeats, production of incorrect CMO transcripts results in a deficiency of the full-length CMO protein and probably reduces glycine betaine accumulation, overview
additional information
-
transgenic Oryza sativa plant seedlings overexpressing the spinach enzyme show accumulation of glycinebetaine and increased resistance to abiotic stress, e.g. salt stress and temperature stress, several lines, overview
additional information
-
simultaneous expression of Spinacia oleracea chloroplast choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) genes contribute to dwarfism in transgenic Lolium perenne, phenotype, detailed overview. The transgenic plants show enhanced salt stress tolerance, 63% reduced height compared to controls, and a dwarf phenotype that occurs first after 3 months of planting into soil and is stably inherited
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Lerma, C.; Hanson, A.D.; Rhodes, D.
Oxygen-18 and deuterium labeling studies of choline oxidation by spinach and sugar beet
Plant Physiol.
88
695-702
1988
Beta vulgaris, Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Brouquisse, R.; Weigel, P.; Rhodes, D.; Yocum, C.F.; Hanson, A.D.
Evidence for a ferredoxin-dependent choline monooxygenase from spinach chloroplast stroma
Plant Physiol.
90
322-329
1989
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Burnet, M.; Lafontaine, P.J.; Hanson, A.D.
Assay, purification, and partial characterization of choline monooxygenase from spinach
Plant Physiol.
108
581-588
1995
Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Rathinasabapathi, B.; Burnet, M.; Russell, B.L.; Gage, D.A.; Liao, P.C.; Nye, G.J.; Scott, P.; Golbeck, J.H.; Hanson, A.D.
Choline monooxygenase, an unusual iron-sulfur enzyme catalyzing the first step of glycine betaine synthesis in plants: prosthetic group characterization and cDNA cloning
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
94
3454-3458
1997
Spinacia oleracea (O04121), Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Russell, B.L.; Rathinasabapathi, B.; Hanson, A.D.
Osmotic stress induces expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet and amaranth
Plant Physiol.
116
859-865
1998
Amaranthus caudatus, Beta vulgaris
brenda
Meng, Y.L.; Wang, Y.M.; Zhang, B.; Nii, N.
Isolation of a choline monooxygenase cDNA clone from Amaranthus tricolor and its expressions under stress conditions
Cell Res.
11
187-193
2001
Amaranthus tricolor (Q93XE1), Amaranthus tricolor
brenda
Hibino, T.; Waditee, R.; Araki, E.; Ishikawa, H.; Aoki, K.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.
Functional characterization of choline monooxygenase, an enzyme for betaine synthesis in plants
J. Biol. Chem.
277
41352-41360
2002
Spinacia oleracea (O04121), Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Wang, L.W.; Showalter, A.M.
Cloning and salt-induced, ABA-independent expression of choline mono-oxygenase in Atriplex prostrata
Physiol. Plant.
120
405-412
2004
Atriplex prostrata (Q8RXB4), Atriplex prostrata
brenda
Tabuchi, T.; Kawaguchi, Y.; Azuma, T.; Nanmori, T.; Yasuda, T.
Similar regulation patterns of choline monooxygenase, phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase and S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase in leaves of the halophyte Atriplex nummularia L
Plant Cell Physiol.
46
505-513
2005
Atriplex nummularia (Q7XZR0), Atriplex nummularia
brenda
Shirasawa, K.; Takabe, T.; Takabe, T.; Kishitani, S.
Accumulation of glycinebetaine in rice plants that overexpress choline monooxygenase from spinach and evaluation of their tolerance to abiotic stress
Ann. Bot.
98
565-571
2006
no activity in Oryza sativa, Spinacia oleracea
brenda
Bhuiyan, N.H.; Hamada, A.; Yamada, N.; Rai, V.; Hibino, T.; Takabe, T.
Regulation of betaine synthesis by precursor supply and choline monooxygenase expression in Amaranthus tricolor
J. Exp. Bot.
58
4203-4212
2007
Amaranthus tricolor
brenda
Luo, D.; Niu, X.; Wang, Y.; Zheng, W.; Chang, L.; Wang, Q.; Wei, X.; Yu, G.; Lu, B.R.; Liu, Y.
Functional defect at the rice choline monooxygenase locus from an unusual post-transcriptional processing is associated with the sequence elements of short-direct repeats
New Phytol.
175
439-447
2007
Oryza sativa (Q7XB43), Oryza sativa
brenda
Zhang, J.; Tan, W.; Yang, X.H.; Zhang, H.X.
Plastid-expressed choline monooxygenase gene improves salt and drought tolerance through accumulation of glycine betaine in tobacco
Plant Cell Rep.
27
1113-1124
2008
Beta vulgaris
brenda
Yamada, N.; Promden, W.; Yamane, K.; Tamagake, H.; Hibino, T.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.
Preferential accumulation of betaine uncoupled to choline monooxygenase in young leaves of sugar beet--importance of long-distance translocation of betaine under normal and salt-stressed conditions
J. Plant Physiol.
166
2058-2070
2009
Beta vulgaris
brenda
Zhang, H.; Dong, H.; Li, W.; Sun, Y.; Chen, S.; Kong, X.
Increased glycine betaine synthesis and salinity tolerance in AhCMO transgenic cotton lines
Mol. Breed.
23
289-298
2009
Atriplex hortensis (Q9LKN0)
brenda
Park, J.; Okita, T.; Edwards, G.
Salt tolerant mechanisms in single-cell C4 species Bienertia sinuspersici and Suaeda aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae)
Plant Sci.
176
616-626
2009
Bienertia sinuspersici, Suaeda aralocaspica
-
brenda
Wu, S.; Su, Q.; An, L.J.
Isolation of choline monooxygenase (CMO) gene from Salicornia europaea and enhanced salt tolerance of transgenic tobacco with CMO genes
Indian J. Biochem. Biophys.
47
298-305
2010
Salicornia europaea (Q5MAD4), Salicornia europaea
brenda
Bao, Y.; Zhao, R.; Li, F.; Tang, W.; Han, L.
Simultaneous expression of Spinacia oleracea chloroplast choline monooxygenase (CMO) and betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) genes contribute to dwarfism in transgenic Lolium perenne
Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.
29
379-388
2011
Spinacia oleracea
-
brenda
Kalinina, E.; Keith, B.; Kern, A.; Dyer, W.
Salt- and osmotic stress-induced choline monooxygenase expression in Kochia scoparia is ABA-independent
Biol. Plant.
56
699-704
2012
Bassia scoparia
-
brenda
Luo, D.; Niu, X.; Yu, J.; Yan, J.; Gou, X.; Lu, B.R.; Liu, Y.
Rice choline monooxygenase (OsCMO) protein functions in enhancing glycine betaine biosynthesis in transgenic tobacco but does not accumulate in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)
Plant Cell Rep.
31
1625-1635
2012
Oryza sativa (B8B239), Oryza sativa
brenda
Mitsuya, S.; Kozaki, K.; Takabe, T.
Tissue localization of the glycine betaine biosynthetic enzymes in barley leaves
Plant Prod. Sci.
16
117-122
2013
Hordeum vulgare
-
brenda
Mitsuya, S.; Kuwahara, J.; Ozaki, K.; Saeki, E.; Fujiwara, T.; Takabe, T.
Isolation and characterization of a novel peroxisomal choline monooxygenase in barley
Planta
234
1215-1226
2011
Hordeum vulgare (B5UAE1), Hordeum vulgare
brenda
Tsutsumi, K.; Yamada, N.; Cha-um, S.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.
Differential accumulation of glycinebetaine and choline monooxygenase in bladder hairs and lamina leaves of Atriplex gmelini under high salinity
J. Plant Physiol.
176
101-107
2015
Atriplex gmelinii
brenda
Linder, T.
CMO1 encodes a putative choline monooxygenase and is required for the utilization of choline as the sole nitrogen source in the yeast Scheffersomyces stipitis (syn. Pichia stipitis)
Microbiology
160
929-940
2014
Scheffersomyces stipitis, Scheffersomyces stipitis ATCC 58785
brenda
Yu, J.; Li, Y.; Tang, W.; Liu, J.; Lu, B.; Liu, Y.
The accumulation of glycine betaine is dependent on choline monooxygenase (OsCMO), not on phosphoethanolamine N-methyltransferase (OsPEAMT1), in rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica)
Plant Mol. Biol. Rep.
32
916-922
2014
Oryza sativa Japonica Group (Q7XB43)
-
brenda
Yamada, N.; Takahashi, H.; Kitou, K.; Sahashi, K.; Tamagake, H.; Tanaka, Y.; Takabe, T.
Suppressed expression of choline monooxygenase in sugar beet on the accumulation of glycine betaine
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
96
217-221
2015
Beta vulgaris (O22553)
brenda