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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 1.13.11.9 - 2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase
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The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
1.13.11.9
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
2,5-dihydroxypyridine 5,6-dioxygenase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 = N-formylmaleamic acid
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REACTION TYPE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
oxidation
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-
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redox reaction
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-
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reduction
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-
-
-
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
2,5-dihydroxypyridine:oxygen 5,6-oxidoreductase
Requires Fe2+.
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CAS REGISTRY NUMBER
COMMENTARY
9029-57-6
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
metabolism
metabolism
-
the enzyme catalyzes the last step of putative pathway of pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid oxidation in Cupriavidus campinensis 23K8
metabolism
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the enzyme catalyzes the last step of putative pathway of pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid oxidation in Cupriavidus campinensis 23K8
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2
N-formylmaleamic acid
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aerobic catabolism of nicotinic acid
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2
N-formylmaleamic acid
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extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase cleaves between carbons 5 and 6
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2
N-formylmaleamic acid
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aerobic catabolism of nicotinic acid
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2
N-formylmaleamic acid
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extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase cleaves between carbons 5 and 6
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
maleamate + formate
Gram-negative rod
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O2 cannot be replaced by methylene blue
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
maleamate + formate
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nicotinic acid catabolism
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
maleamate + formate
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nicotinic acid catabolism
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
maleamate + formate
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strictly specific for 2,5-dihydroxypyridine
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
maleamate + formate
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nicotinic acid catabolism
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-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
N-formylmaleamic acid
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activation with 10 mM DTT and 0.5 mM FeSO4 (25 min, 25°C)
ring cleavage between carbon 5 and 6, further conversion to formic and maleamic acid is catalyzed by the NicD protein, a deformylase similar to some members of the alpha/beta-hydolase fold superfamily
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?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
N-formylmaleamic acid
-
activation with 10 mM DTT and 0.5 mM FeSO4 (25 min, 25°C)
ring cleavage between carbon 5 and 6, further conversion to formic and maleamic acid is catalyzed by the NicD protein, a deformylase similar to some members of the alpha/beta-hydolase fold superfamily
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?
additional information
?
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aerobic nicotinic acid degradation, nice gene cluster is responsible for the aerobic nicotinic acid degradation
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additional information
?
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no activity with: 2,3-dihydroxypyridine, 2,4-dihydroxypyridine, 2-hydroxypyridine, 3-hydroxypyridine, 4-hydroxypyridine, NA, 6HNA, 2-carboxypyridine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal, catechol, protocatechuate, gentisate, gallate, resorcinol, hydroquinone, or pyrogallol
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additional information
?
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aerobic nicotinic acid degradation, nice gene cluster is responsible for the aerobic nicotinic acid degradation
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-
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additional information
?
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no activity with: 2,3-dihydroxypyridine, 2,4-dihydroxypyridine, 2-hydroxypyridine, 3-hydroxypyridine, 4-hydroxypyridine, NA, 6HNA, 2-carboxypyridine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal, catechol, protocatechuate, gentisate, gallate, resorcinol, hydroquinone, or pyrogallol
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NATURAL SUBSTRATES
NATURAL PRODUCTS
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2
N-formylmaleamic acid
-
aerobic catabolism of nicotinic acid
-
-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2
N-formylmaleamic acid
-
aerobic catabolism of nicotinic acid
-
-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
maleamate + formate
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nicotinic acid catabolism
-
-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
maleamate + formate
-
nicotinic acid catabolism
-
-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
maleamate + formate
-
nicotinic acid catabolism
-
-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
N-formylmaleamic acid
-
activation with 10 mM DTT and 0.5 mM FeSO4 (25 min, 25°C)
ring cleavage between carbon 5 and 6, further conversion to formic and maleamic acid is catalyzed by the NicD protein, a deformylase similar to some members of the alpha/beta-hydolase fold superfamily
-
?
2,5-dihydroxypyridine + O2 + H2O
N-formylmaleamic acid
-
activation with 10 mM DTT and 0.5 mM FeSO4 (25 min, 25°C)
ring cleavage between carbon 5 and 6, further conversion to formic and maleamic acid is catalyzed by the NicD protein, a deformylase similar to some members of the alpha/beta-hydolase fold superfamily
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?
additional information
?
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aerobic nicotinic acid degradation, nice gene cluster is responsible for the aerobic nicotinic acid degradation
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-
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additional information
?
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aerobic nicotinic acid degradation, nice gene cluster is responsible for the aerobic nicotinic acid degradation
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-
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COFACTOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
Fe2+
Iron
Fe2+
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one mole per mole enzyme, activation of enzyme with 0.5 mM FeSO4 for 15 min at 25°C, replacement with other divalent cations do not lead to detectable 2,5-dihydroxypyridine dioxygenase activity; purified enzyme is inactive, Fe2+-dependent reactivation of the purified enzyme (0.025 mM), 0.0198 mM iron is detected, indicating that the ratio of mol of iron to mol of a monomer of NicX is near 1.0
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INHIBITORS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
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ACTIVATING COMPOUND
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
L-cysteine
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enzyme has a specific requirement for L-cysteine (6.7 mM), required to restore full activity after dialysis or treatment with chelating agents
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
0.07
2,5-dihydroxypyridine
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25°C; pH 8.0, 25°C, strict substrate specificity
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SPECIFIC ACTIVITY [µmol/min/mg]
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
0.13
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pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid-induced cells of strain 23K8, pH 7.2, 30°C
6
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pH 8.0, 25°C, in cell extracts of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) overexpressing the nicX gene
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
25
30
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid- and pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid-induced strain 23K8 cells. The cells do not grow on pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid
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pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid- and pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid-induced strain 23K8 cells. The cells do not grow on pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylic acid
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
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MOLECULAR WEIGHT
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
242000
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sucrose density gradient centrifugation (+ dithiothreitol)
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SUBUNITS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
hexamer
monomer
hexamer
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6 * 38 883, a hexameric assembly composed of two cyclic trimers, gel filtration and mass spectrometry
hexamer
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6 * 38 883, a hexameric assembly composed of two cyclic trimers, gel filtration and mass spectrometry
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monomer
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1 * 39000, amino acid sequence similarity to aminopeptidase S from Staphylococcus aureus and aminopeptidase T from Thermus thermophilus, 2 globular domains
monomer
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1 * 39000, amino acid sequence similarity to aminopeptidase S from Staphylococcus aureus and aminopeptidase T from Thermus thermophilus, 2 globular domains
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Crystallization/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
purified recombinant NicX, hanging drop vapour diffusion method, 0.001 ml of 14 mg/ml protein in 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.1 M NaCl, and 2 mM DTT, is mixed with 0.001 ml of reservoir solution, containing 22% w/v PEG 4000, 0.1 M sodium acetate and 0.1 M HEPES pH 7.5, 2 mM DTT, and with 1 ml 50 mM EDTA, 18°C, method optimization, X-ray diffraction structure determination and analysis at 2.0 A resolution
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TEMPERATURE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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GENERAL STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
combination of dithiothreitol and FeSO4 is detrimental during long-term incubation at 0°C
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incubation with or dialysis against 0.001 mM 8-hydroxyquinoline and by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation: complete loss of activity
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L-cysteine: enzyme has a specific requirement for L-cysteine, 6.7 mM, required to restore full activity after dialysis or treatment with chelating agents
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OXIDATION STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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STORAGE STABILITY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
0°C, 20 mM sodium phosphate, pH 7.5, half-life: 2-3 days, addition of dithiothreitol extends half-life to about 2 weeks
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4°C, purified recombinant enzyme, 20 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 0.1 M NaCl, and 2 mM DTT, maintains its activity for several days
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Purification/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Escherichia coli cells overexpressing NicX are harvested and disrupted by passage through a French press, supernatant applied to DEAE-cellulose column with 50 mM NaH2PO4 buffer, pH 7.5, washed with buffer (0.1-0.3 M) containing 0.1 M NaCl, fraction with 2,5-dihydroxypyridine deoxygenase activity pooled and dialyzed with 20 mM NaH2PO4 buffer, pH 7.5, loaded onto hydroxyapatite column, eluted with 20-100 mM NaH2PO4 buffer, pH 7.0, fractions with enzyme activity pooled, dialyzed in 20 mM NaH2PO4 buffer, pH 7.5, and concentrated; recombinant enzyme
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recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3) by anion exchange and hydroxyapatite chromatography
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
PCR-amplification of nicX gene, overexpression of nix gene in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells with plasmid pETNicX, for knockout mutants transformation of pKnicX plasmid into Pseudomonas putida KT2440 as recipient, using Escherichia coli DH10B(pKnicX) as donor strain, Escherichia coli HB101 (pRK600) as helper strain; the nicX gene is overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells containing plasmid pETNicX
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ENGINEERING
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
additional information
additional information
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nic gene cluster knockout mutants do not grow on nicotinic acid as sole carbon source in contrary to the wild-type, this ability can be restored by introducing a broad-host-range plasmid harboring a 14 kb DNA cassette containing the complete nice cluster, NicX knockout mutant does not show 2,5DHP dioxygenase activity
additional information
-
nic gene cluster knockout mutants do not grow on nicotinic acid as sole carbon source in contrary to the wild-type, this ability can be restored by introducing a broad-host-range plasmid harboring a 14 kb DNA cassette containing the complete nice cluster, NicX knockout mutant does not show 2,5DHP dioxygenase activity
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APPLICATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
biotechnology
biotechnology
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the enzyme catalyzes one step in a new process of detoxification/biotransformation of N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds
biotechnology
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the enzyme catalyzes one step in a new process of detoxification/biotransformation of N-heterocyclic aromatic compounds
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.13.11.9)
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