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Information on EC 1.13.11.69 - carlactone synthase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.13.11.69
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EC Tree 1 Oxidoreductases
1.13 Acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)
1.13.11 With incorporation of two atoms of oxygen
1.13.11.69 carlactone synthase
IUBMB Comments
Requires Fe2+. The enzyme participates in a pathway leading to biosynthesis of strigolactones, plant hormones involved in promotion of symbiotic associations known as arbuscular mycorrhiza. Also catalyses EC 1.13.11.70, all-trans-10′-apo-β-carotenal 13,14-cleaving dioxygenase, but 10-fold slower.
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
- 1.13.11.69
- strigolactones
- shoot
- sls
- auxin
- tomato
-
adventitious
-
phytohormones
-
weed
- phelipanche
- lycopersicum
-
exude
-
solanum
-
orobanchol
-
arbuscular
-
mycorrhizal
-
rhizosphere
-
bushy
-
internode
-
abscisic
-
tiller
- infestation
-
decapitated
-
epicotyls
-
humidity
- ramosa
-
meristem
-
rootstocks
-
photomorphogenesis
-
broomrape
-
sl-deficient
- teosinte
- aegyptiaca
Reaction Schemes
showSynonyms
slccd8, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8, psccd8, ccd8b, carlactone synthase, more axillary branching 4, more
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SYNONYM 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase
carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8
CCD8
CCD8A
CCD8B
MAX4
NCED8
-
-
-
-
CCD8
-
-
-
-
MAX4
-
-
-
-
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2 = carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2 = carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
-
-
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9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2 = carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
acid-base catalysis in the CCD8 catalytic cycle and existence of an essential cysteine residue in the CCD8 active site, two-step kinetic mechanism
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2 = carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
proposed mechanism of 9-cis-beta-apo-10'-carotenal conversion into carlactone, overview
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PATHWAY SOURCE
PATHWAYS
MetaCyc
5-deoxystrigol biosynthesis
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal:O2 oxidoreductase (14,15-cleaving, carlactone-forming)
Requires Fe2+. The enzyme participates in a pathway leading to biosynthesis of strigolactones, plant hormones involved in promotion of symbiotic associations known as arbuscular mycorrhiza. Also catalyses EC 1.13.11.70, all-trans-10'-apo-beta-carotenal 13,14-cleaving dioxygenase, but 10-fold slower.
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
9-cis-beta-apo-10'-carotenal + O2
carlactone + omega-OH-(4-CH3)heptanal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
all-trans-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + O2
13-apo-beta-carotenone + (2E,4E,6E)-4-methylocta-2,4,6-trienedial
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
delta-carotene + O2
alpha-ionone + 6-methyl-5-heptene-2-one + ?
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: CCD8-dependent conversion of beta-apo-10'-carotenal to unstable carlactone
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: enzyme additionally catalyzes the conversion of all-trans-10'-apo-beta-carotenal to 13-apo-beta-carotenone + (2E,4E,6E)-4-methylocta-2,4,6-trienedial, EC 1.13.11.70. The Formation of carlactone is about 10fold faster than the formation of 13-apo-beta-carotenone
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
Substrates: CCD8-dependent conversion of all-trans-10'-apo-beta-carotenal to 13-apo-beta-carotenone, reaction of EC 1.13.11.70
Products: -
Products: -
?
additional information
?
-
-
Substrates: enzyme additionally catalyzes the conversion of 9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal to carlactone and (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal, EC 1.13.11.69. The formation of carlactone is about 10fold faster than the formation of 13-apo-beta-carotenone
Products: -
Products: -
?
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
COMMENTARY
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
9-cis-beta-apo-10'-carotenal + O2
carlactone + omega-OH-(4-CH3)heptanal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
9-cis-10'-apo-beta-carotenal + 2 O2
carlactone + (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal
-
Substrates: -
Products: -
Products: -
?
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METALS and IONS
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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INHIBITOR
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
(2E)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-hydroxyprop-2-enamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(2E)-N-benzyl-N-hydroxy-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienamide
52% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(2E)-N-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(2E,4E)-N-benzyl-N-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyldeca-2,4,8-trienamide
47% inhibition at 0.1 mM
(2E,4E)-N-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl)penta-2,4-dienamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
2-(2H-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxyacetamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxyacetamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-hydroxy-N-octylpropanamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-hydroxypropanamide
78% inhibition at 0.1 mM
3-amino-N-benzyl-N-hydroxybenzamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-benzyl-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-benzyl-3-chloro-N-hydroxybenzamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-benzyl-N-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-benzyl-N-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-benzyl-N-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-benzyl-N-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-N-octylpropanamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-[(2E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl]-N-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide
70% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxybenzamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzamide
over 95% inhibition at 0.1 mM
N1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N1-hydroxy-N4-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butanediamide
-
sodium 3-[hydroxy[(4-methoxyphenyl)acetyl]amino]propanoate
47% inhibition at 0.1 mM
sodium 3-[hydroxy[(naphthalen-2-yl)acetyl]amino]propanoate
92% inhibition at 0.1 mM
additional information
AtCCD8 is inhibited in a time-dependent fashion by hydroxamic acids N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide, N-benzyl-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxyacetamide with over 95% inhibition at 0.10 mM, hydroxamic acids acids N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide, N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)acetamide, N-benzyl-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxyacetamide cause a shoot branching phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana. Selective inhibition of CCD8 is observed using hydroxamic acids N-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamide and N-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N-hydroxy-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanamide. No inhibition by N1-[(4-fluorophenyl)methyl]-N1-hydroxy-N4-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methyl]butanediamide
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DISEASE
TITLE OF PUBLICATION
LINK TO PUBMED
Infections
Low Infection of Phelipanche aegyptiaca in Micro-Tom Mutants Deficient in CAROTENOIDCLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 8.
Infections
The Role of Endogenous Strigolactones and Their Interaction with ABA during the Infection Process of the Parasitic Weed Phelipanche ramosa in Tomato Plants.
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KM VALUE [mM]
SUBSTRATE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
IMAGE
additional information
additional information
two-step kinetic mechanism, pre-steady-state kinetic analysis
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pH OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pH RANGE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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TEMPERATURE OPTIMUM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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pI VALUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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SOURCE TISSUE
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
SOURCE
enzyme expression predominates in scale leaves
brenda
additional information
expression of gene is widely distributed, but at low level
brenda
enzyme expression in the root is sufficient for wild-type shoot branching levels. Strong expression in root tips
brenda
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LOCALIZATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
GeneOntology No.
LITERATURE
SOURCE
Highest Expressing Human Cell Lines
Cell Line LinksPlease wait a moment until the data is sorted. This message will disappear when the data is sorted.
GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
malfunction
-
transgenic SlCCD8 knockout lines display an increased shoot branching, reduced plant height, increased number of nodes and excessive adventitious root development. Transgenic lines show a reproductive phenotypes such as smaller flowers, fruits, as well as fewer and smaller seeds per fruit. Infestation by Phelipanche ramosa is reduced by 90% in lines with a relatively mild reduction in strigolactone biosynthesis and secretion while arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, apical dominance and fruit yield are only mildly affected
malfunction
the biochemical basis of the shoot branching phenotype is due to inhibition of enzyme CCD8
malfunction
-
an enzyme mutant has morphological changes that includes dwarfing, excessive shoot branching and adventitious root formation. In addition, strigolactone-deficient mutants show a significant reduction in parasite (Phelipanche aegyptiaca) infestation compared to non-mutated tomato plants. In the mutated lines, orobanchol content is significantly reduced but total carotenoids level and expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis are increased, as compared to control plants
malfunction
-
enzymatic mutants show excess branching, which is suppressed by exogenously applied strigolactones. Phelipanche aegyptiaca infection is lower in the enzyme mutants than in wild type
malfunction
-
enzyme mutants have increased shoot branching, reduced plant height, increased number of leaves and nodes, and reduced total plant biomass compared to wild type plants, however, the root-to-shoot ratio is unchanged. Enzyme mutations affect root morphology and affect plant senescence
malfunction
-
enzyme silencing favors phosphorus retention in the root and reduces phosphorus and biomass accumulation in the shoot under low phosphate
malfunction
enzyme-knockout lines show enhanced caulonema growth and enhanced susceptibility to fungal infection
metabolism
biosynthesis of strigolactones requires the action of two CCD enzymes, CCD7 (EC 1.13.11.68) and CCD8, which act sequentially on 9-cis-beta-carotene, strigolactone biosynthesis pathway from all-trans-beta-carotene to ent-2'-epi-5-deoxystrigol, overview
physiological function
-
coexpression of the enzyme, CCD8, and carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase CCD7, EC 1.13.11.71, in Escherichia coli results in production of 13-apo-beta-carotenone. The sequential cleavages of beta-carotene by CCD7 and CCD8 are likely the initial steps in the synthesis of a carotenoid-derived signaling molecule that is necessary for the regulation lateral branching
physiological function
enzyme is involved in regulation of low phosphate stress responses. Mutants show lower anthocyanin content and longer primary root length. Mutant plants also display altered root architecture such as increased root-to-shoot ratio, lower lateral root number and root hair density compared with wild-type plants under low phosphate stress. Higher total phosphate contents are detected in shoots and roots of mutant plants than those of wild-type plants when subjected to low phosphate stress, which is associated, at least in part, with increase in expression of WRKY75 as well as AtPT1 and AtPT2 genes encoding high-affinity phosphate transporters
physiological function
gene disruption mutant reveals a modest increase in branching that contrasts with prominent pleiotropic changes that include marked reduction in stem diameter, reduced elongation of internodes, independent of carbon supply, and a pronounced delay in development of the centrally important, nodal system of adventitious roots
physiological function
loss-of-function mutants exhibit a significant decrease in petiole length and are highly branched. The axillary buds, which are typically delayed in growth in wild-type plants, grow out to produce leaves and inflorescences. The mutant plant have smaller rosette diameters due to a decrease in the lengths of petioles and leaf blades compared with wild-type plants. The phenotypes contribute to the bushy appearance of the mutants. The double mutant, additionally lacking carotenoid-9',10'-cleaving dioxygenase activity, EC 1.13.11.71, is phenotypically indistinguishable from either single mutant, indicating an interaction consistent with both genes functioning in the same pathway. Both classes of plants show a slight increase in inflorescence number compared with wild type
physiological function
mutations in the MAX4 gene of Arabidopsis result in increased and auxin-resistant bud growth. Increased branching in max4 shoots is restored to wild type by grafting to wild-type rootstocks, suggesting that MAX4 is required to produce a mobile branch-inhibiting signal, acting downstream of auxin
physiological function
reduction of enzyme expression by RNAi correlates with an increase in branch development and delayed senescence
physiological function
biosynthesis of strigolactones requires the action of two CCD enzymes, CCD7 (EC 1.13.11.68) and CCD8, which act sequentially on 9-cis-beta-carotene
physiological function
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the carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8, CCD8, catalyzes a series of reactions and molecular rearrangements for biosynthesis of strigolactones, a class of phytohormones synthesized from carotenoids via carlactone. The complex structure of carlactone is not easily deducible from its precursor 9-cis-beta-apo-10'-carotenal, a cis-configured beta-carotene cleavage product. Carlactone and (2E,4E,6E)-7-hydroxy-4-methylhepta-2,4,6-trienal, and reaction intermediates structure analysis by LC-MS and NMR, overview
physiological function
isoform CCD8a is involved in bulbil outgrowth