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Enzyme Nomenclature
Information on EC 1.13.11.59 - torulene dioxygenase
for references in articles please use BRENDA:EC1.13.11.59
Word Map on EC 1.13.11.59
- 1.13.11.59
- neurosporaxanthin
- neurospora
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carotene
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apocarotenoids
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carotenoid
- crassa
- aldehyde
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The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
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EC NUMBER 
COMMENTARY 
1.13.11.59
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RECOMMENDED NAME
GeneOntology No.
torulene dioxygenase
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REACTION
REACTION DIAGRAM
COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
torulene + O2 = 4'-apo-beta,psi-caroten-4'-al + 3-methylbut-2-enal
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PATHWAY
BRENDA Link
KEGG Link
MetaCyc Link
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SYSTEMATIC NAME
IUBMB Comments
torulene:oxygen oxidoreductase
It is assumed that 3-methylbut-2-enal is formed. The enzyme cannot cleave the saturated 3',4'-bond of gamma-carotene which implies that a 3',4'-double bond is neccessary for this reaction.
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ORGANISM
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
UNIPROT
SEQUENCE DB
SOURCE
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GENERAL INFORMATION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
physiological function
physiological function
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enzyme is involved in the biosynthetic pathway to neurosporaxanthin. First step is the cleavage of 3,4-didehydrolycopene into apo-4'-lycopenal by Cao2, which is then oxidized by YLO-1 to yield apo-4'-lycopenoic acid, the last intermediate in the pathway. The final step is then catalyzed by the cyclase activity of AL-2
physiological function
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disruption of cao-2 leads to changes in the carotenoid content, as indicated by the reddish color of several transformants. Mutants accumulate a high proportion of neutral carotenoids including a high content of torulene
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SUBSTRATE
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
3,4-didehydrolycopene + O2
apo-4'-lycopenal + 3-methylbut-2-enal
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Cao2 accepts both cyclic and acyclic carotenals
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-
?
beta-apo-10'-carotenal + O2
retinal + 3-methylbut-2-enal
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i.e. beta-apo-15'-carotenal
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?
beta-apo-8'-carotenal + O2
beta-apo-14'-carotenal + 3-methylbut-2-enal
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?
beta-apo-8'-lycopenal + O2
crocetindial + ?
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main product. Substrate contains both a non-oxygenated tail and an aldehyde end group, reaction leads mainly to the dialdehyde
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?
torulene + O2
beta-apo-4'-carotenal + 3-methylbut-2-enal
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efficient cleavage in vitro
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?
torulene + O2
beta-apo-4'-carotenal + 3-methylbut-2-enal
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reaction is almost quantitative
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?
additional information
?
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cleavage at the third double bond from the uncycled tail of substrate. No substrate: bicyclic carotenes
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Cloned/COMMENTARY
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
Cao-2 exhibits the same transcriptional pattern as Al-2, which encodes the phytoene synthase/beta-cyclase. The mRNA levels for both genes are very low in vegetative mycelia grown in the dark, and increase markedly upon illumination. Illumination does not lead to any detectable increase of the Cao-2 and Al-2 mRNA amounts in wc-1 or wc-2 mutants, confirming that Cao-2 photoinduction is mediated by the WC-1/WC-2 photoreceptor system
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mRNA accumulates following light exposure to reach a maximum approximately 1 h after illumination onset
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ENGINEERING
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
LITERATURE
G71D
mutant strain accumulates torulene and is not able to produce neurosporaxanthin
additional information
additional information
expression of carT in lycopene-accumulating Escherichia coli cells results in the formation of minor amounts of apocarotenoids, but no enzymatic activity is observed in beta-carotene-accumulating cells
additional information
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expression in 3,4-didehydrolycopene accumulating Escherichia coli leads to apo-4'-lycopenal
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LINKS TO OTHER DATABASES (specific for EC-Number 1.13.11.59)
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