The rice phytoalexin momilactone A is a diterpenoid secondary metabolite that is involved in the defense mechanism of the plant. Momilactone A is produced in response to attack by a pathogen through the perception of elicitor signal molecules such as chitin oligosaccharide, or after exposure to UV irradiation. The enzyme, which catalyses the last step in the biosynthesis of momilactone A, can use both NAD+ and NADP+ but activity is higher with NAD+ .
The rice phytoalexin momilactone A is a diterpenoid secondary metabolite that is involved in the defense mechanism of the plant. Momilactone A is produced in response to attack by a pathogen through the perception of elicitor signal molecules such as chitin oligosaccharide, or after exposure to UV irradiation. The enzyme, which catalyses the last step in the biosynthesis of momilactone A, can use both NAD+ and NADP+ but activity is higher with NAD+ [1].
early regulation of genes putatively related to nematode damage-associated molecular pattern recognition (e.g. wall-associated receptor kinases), signalling (nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLRs)), pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (PR1, PR10a), defence-related genes (NB-ARC domain-containing genes), as well as a large number of genes involved in secondary metabolites including diterpenoid biosynthesis (CPS2, OsKSL4, OsKSL10, Oscyp71Z2, oryzalexin synthase, and momilactone A synthase) is observed in rice Meloidogyne graminicola-resistant mutant line-9. After the nematode juveniles penetrate the roots of line-9, early recognition of invading nematodes triggers plant immune responses mediated by phytoalexins, and other defence proteins such as PR proteins inhibit nematode growth and reproduction. Mechanisms underlying plant-nematode resistance in rice, overview. Momilactone A is one of several phytoalexins also such as oryzalexin D, oryzalexin E, and phytocassane being part of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways activated in defense. The enzyme is involved in diterpenoid biosynthesis
molecular architecture of the momilactone biosynthetic genes and evolutionary relationships with other momilactone-producing plants. Both cultivated and wild grass species of Oryza and Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) produce momilactones using a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in their genomes. The bryophyte Calohypnum plumiforme (formerly Hypnum plumaeforme) also produces momilactones, and the bifunctional diterpene cyclase gene CpDTC1/HpDTC1, which is responsible for the production of the diterpene framework. While the gene cluster in Calohypnum plumiforme is functionally similar to that in rice and barnyard grass, it is likely a product of convergent evolution. Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) has been shown to possess one copy of the momilactone gene cluster in its genome. Thus, all of the momilactone-producing higher plants reported thus far appear to have a family-conserved BGC in their genomes. Evolution of momilactone gene clusters in plants, overview
molecular architecture of the momilactone biosynthetic genes and evolutionary relationships with other momilactone-producing plants. Both cultivated and wild grass species of Oryza and Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) produce momilactones using a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in their genomes. The bryophyte Calohypnum plumiforme (formerly Hypnum plumaeforme) also produces momilactones, and the bifunctional diterpene cyclase gene CpDTC1/HpDTC1, which is responsible for the production of the diterpene framework. While the gene cluster in Calohypnum plumiforme is functionally similar to that in rice and barnyard grass, it is likely a product of convergent evolution. Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) has been shown to possess one copy of the momilactone gene cluster in its genome. Thus, all of the momilactone-producing higher plants reported thus far appear to have a family-conserved BGC in their genomes. Evolution of momilactone gene clusters in plants, overview
molecular architecture of the momilactone biosynthetic genes in the moss genome and their evolutionary relationships with other momilactone-producing plants. Both cultivated and wild grass species of Oryza and Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) produce momilactones using a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in their genomes. The bryophyte Calohypnum plumiforme (formerly Hypnum plumaeforme) also produces momilactones, and the bifunctional diterpene cyclase gene CpDTC1/HpDTC1, which is responsible for the production of the diterpene framework. While the gene cluster in Calohypnum plumiforme is functionally similar to that in rice and barnyard grass, it is likely a product of convergent evolution. Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) has been shown to possess one copy of the momilactone gene cluster in its genome. Thus, all of the momilactone-producing higher plants reported thus far appear to have a family-conserved BGC in their genomes. Evolution of momilactone gene clusters in plants, overview
successful momilactone biosynthetic pathway reconstitution in Nicotiana benthamiana expressing the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC), transient coexpression of CpMAS with CpDTC1/HpDTC1, CpCYP970A14, and CpCYP964A1 genes encoding diterpene cyclase 1, pimaradiene oxidase 1, and pimaradiene oxidase 2, respectively. The potential enzymatic activity of momilactone A synthesis from 3OH-syn-pimaradienolide exists endogenously in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, based on in vitro assays with crude protein and in planta feeding assays. Eventually, coexpression of CpMAS with other clustered genes increases the production of momilactone A, and in planta conversion of 3OH-syn-pimaradienolide to momilactone A is apparently enhanced by CpMAS expression in Nicotiana benthamiana as compared to that in the vector control plant
gene CpMAS, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons and phylogenetic analysis, the CpDTC1/HpDTC1 gene and the dehydrogenase momilactone A synthase gene is tandemly arranged and inductively transcribed following stress exposure, recombinant expression of His-tagged CpMAS enzyme in Escherichia coli. Transient coexpression of CpMAS with CpDTC1/HpDTC1, CpCYP970A14, and CpCYP964A1 genes encoding diterpene cyclase 1, pimaradiene oxidase 1, and pimaradiene oxidase 2, respectively in Nicotiana benthamiana
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EXPRESSION
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
LITERATURE
early regulation of genes putatively related to rice root-knot nematode (RRKN) Meloidogyne graminicola damage-associated molecular pattern recognition (e.g. wall-associated receptor kinases), signalling (nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat (NLRs)), pathogenesis-related (PR) genes (PR1, PR10a), defence-related genes (NB-ARC domain-containing genes), as well as a large number of genes involved in secondary metabolites including diterpenoid biosynthesis (CPS2, OsKSL4, OsKSL10, Oscyp71Z2, oryzalexin synthase, and momilactone A synthase) is observed in rice Meloidogyne graminicola-resistant mutant line-9. After the nematode juveniles penetrate the roots of line-9, early recognition of invading nematodes triggers plant immune responses mediated by phytoalexins, and other defence proteins such as PR proteins inhibit nematode growth and reproduction. Mechanisms underlying plant-nematode resistance in rice, overview