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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments Also acts on some other alkaloids, including codeine, normorphine and ethylmorphine, but only very slowly on 7,8-saturated derivatives such as dihydromorphine and dihydrocodeine. In the reverse direction, also reduces naloxone to the 6alpha-hydroxy analogue. Activated by 2-sulfanylethan-1-ol (2-mercaptoethanol).
The expected taxonomic range for this enzyme is: Bacteria, Eukaryota
Synonyms
morphine 6-dehydrogenase, naloxone reductase, akr1c34, morphine-6-dehydrogenase,
more
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morphine 6-dehydrogenase
-
-
-
-
morphine-6-dehydrogenase
UniProt
additional information
J7M9D0
cf. EC 1.1.1.239
naloxone reductase
-
-
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morphine + NAD(P)+ = morphinone + NAD(P)H + H+
morphine + NAD(P)+ = morphinone + NAD(P)H + H+
dehydrogenation of the 6-hydroxy group of morphine derivatives having a 7,8-unsaturated bond
-
morphine + NAD(P)+ = morphinone + NAD(P)H + H+
dehydrogenation of the 6-hydroxy group of morphine derivatives having a 7,8-unsaturated bond
-
-
morphine + NAD(P)+ = morphinone + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
-
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morphine:NAD(P)+ 6-oxidoreductase
Also acts on some other alkaloids, including codeine, normorphine and ethylmorphine, but only very slowly on 7,8-saturated derivatives such as dihydromorphine and dihydrocodeine. In the reverse direction, also reduces naloxone to the 6alpha-hydroxy analogue. Activated by 2-sulfanylethan-1-ol (2-mercaptoethanol).
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106640-77-1
deleted Reg.No.
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1-indanol + NADP+
1-indanone + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxyhexobarbital + NADP+
?
-
does not serve as a substrate for guinea pig enzyme
-
-
?
benzenedihydrodiol + NADP+
?
-
-
-
-
?
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
codeine + NADP+
codeinone + NADPH
cyclohexene-2-ol + NADP+
cyclohexene-2-one + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
dihydrocodeine + NADP+
dihydrocodeinone + NADPH
ethylmorphine + NAD(P)+
?
morphine + NAD(P)+
morphinone + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
ir
morphine + NAD+
?
-
-
-
?
morphine + NAD+
morphinone + NADH + H+
J7M9D0
-
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
nalorphine + NAD(P)+
(5alpha)-3-hydroxy-17-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxymorphinan-6-one + NAD(P)H + H+
naloxone + NAD(P)H
6alpha-naloxol + NADP+
trans-1,4-decalindiol + NADP+
?
-
about 30% of the activity observed with morphine
-
-
?
trans-naphthalene dihydrodiol + NAD+
?
-
-
-
?
trans-naphthalene dihydrodiol + NAD+
? + NADH + H+
J7M9D0
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
oxidation at 80% the rate of morphine oxidation
-
-
?
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
oxidation at 80% the rate of morphine oxidation
-
-
?
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
only weak enzyme activity for codeine
-
-
?
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
codeine best substrate
-
-
?
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
?
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
oxidation at 120% the rate of morphine oxidation
at pH 6.5, + NADPH, reduction of codeinone to codeine
r
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
non-Theorell-Chance sequential ordered mechanism for codeine oxidation at pH 9.5
morphine dehydrogenase follows a Theorell-Chance mechanism for codeinone reduction at pH 7.0
?
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
-
?
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
oxidation at 120% the rate of morphine oxidation
at pH 6.5, + NADPH, reduction of codeinone to codeine
r
codeine + NAD(P)+
codeinone + NAD(P)H
-
non-Theorell-Chance sequential ordered mechanism for codeine oxidation at pH 9.5
morphine dehydrogenase follows a Theorell-Chance mechanism for codeinone reduction at pH 7.0
?
codeine + NADP+
codeinone + NADPH
-
codeine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
?
codeine + NADP+
codeinone + NADPH
-
codeine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
?
dihydrocodeine + NADP+
dihydrocodeinone + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
dihydrocodeine + NADP+
dihydrocodeinone + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
dihydrocodeine + NADP+
dihydrocodeinone + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
dihydrocodeine + NADP+
dihydrocodeinone + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
dihydrocodeine + NADP+
dihydrocodeinone + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
ethylmorphine + NAD(P)+
?
-
oxidation at 51% the rate of morphine oxidation
-
-
?
ethylmorphine + NAD(P)+
?
-
-
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
-
highly specific alkaloid dehydrogenase, oxidizing only the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine, morphine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
-
highly specific alkaloid dehydrogenase, oxidizing only the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine, morphine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
-
highly specific alkaloid dehydrogenase, oxidizing only the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine, morphine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
-
highly specific alkaloid dehydrogenase, oxidizing only the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine, morphine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
-
production of morphinone demonstrated in vitro experiments
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
-
production of morphinone demonstrated in vitro experiments
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
enzyme activity only with NAD+
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
enzyme acitivity with NAD+ four times that with NADP+
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
enzyme activity only with NADP+
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
enzyme activity only with NADP+
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
enzyme activity only with NADP+
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
enzyme activity only with NADP+
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
+ NAD+: enzyme activity ten times that with NADP+
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH + H+
-
+ NAD+: enzyme activity ten times that with NADP+
-
?
nalorphine + NAD(P)+
(5alpha)-3-hydroxy-17-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxymorphinan-6-one + NAD(P)H + H+
-
best substrate, oxidation at 120% the rate of morphine oxidation
-
-
?
nalorphine + NAD(P)+
(5alpha)-3-hydroxy-17-(prop-2-en-1-yl)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxymorphinan-6-one + NAD(P)H + H+
-
best substrate, oxidation at 120% the rate of morphine oxidation
-
-
?
naloxone + NAD(P)H
6alpha-naloxol + NADP+
-
-
stereospecific reduction
?
naloxone + NAD(P)H
6alpha-naloxol + NADP+
-
-
stereospecific reduction
?
naloxone + NADH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
r
naloxone + NADH + H+
?
-
-
-
-
r
normorphine + NAD(P)+
?
-
about 3 times better substrate than morphine
-
-
?
normorphine + NAD(P)+
?
-
about 3 times better substrate than morphine
-
-
?
normorphine + NAD(P)+
?
-
best substrate, oxidation at 139% the rate of morphine oxidation
-
-
?
normorphine + NAD(P)+
?
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme AKR1C34 shows 3alpha/17beta/20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities, EC 1.1.1.239, detailed overview. Ala54 plays a critical role in non-/recognition of the steroidal substrates. Reaction products identification by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme AKR1C34 shows 3alpha/17beta/20alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities, EC 1.1.1.239, detailed overview. Ala54 plays a critical role in non-/recognition of the steroidal substrates. Reaction products identification by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
J7M9D0
the enzyme shows NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activity towards other nonsteroidal alicyclic alcohols and 3alpha/17beta-hydroxy-C18/C19/C21-steroids, detailed overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activity towards other nonsteroidal alicyclic alcohols and 3alpha/17beta-hydroxy-C18/C19/C21-steroids, detailed overview
-
-
?
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codeine + NADP+
codeinone + NADPH
morphine + NAD+
?
-
-
-
?
morphine + NAD+
morphinone + NADH + H+
J7M9D0
-
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
codeine + NADP+
codeinone + NADPH
-
codeine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
?
codeine + NADP+
codeinone + NADPH
-
codeine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
-
highly specific alkaloid dehydrogenase, oxidizing only the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine, morphine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
-
highly specific alkaloid dehydrogenase, oxidizing only the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine, morphine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
-
highly specific alkaloid dehydrogenase, oxidizing only the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine, morphine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
?
morphine + NADP+
morphinone + NADPH
-
highly specific alkaloid dehydrogenase, oxidizing only the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine, morphine as the sole carbon and energy source
-
-
?
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NADP+
-
the Pseudomonas enzyme acts only with NADP+
NAD(P)+
-
-
NAD(P)+
-
utilized both with nearly equal efficiency
NAD(P)+
-
NAD+ preferred cofactor
NAD(P)H
-
enzyme specific for the proR hydrogen of NADPH
NAD(P)H
-
NADPH: 2.7 times as effective as NADH
NAD+
J7M9D0
-
NAD+
-
NADP+: only about one-tenth of activity with NAD+
NAD+
-
with NADP+ enzyme activity less than 5% those found with NAD+
additional information
J7M9D0
the rabbit enzyme shows high coenzyme preference for NAD+ over NADP+. Also in the reverse reaction, the enzymes reduces several alpha-dicarbonyl compounds including S-camphorquinone using NADH as the coenzyme, exhibiting low Km values of 0.004-0.006 mM. The reductase activity of the enzyme determined with NADPH as the coenzyme is less than 40% of their NADH-linked activity
-
additional information
-
the rabbit enzyme shows high coenzyme preference for NAD+ over NADP+. Also in the reverse reaction, the enzymes reduces several alpha-dicarbonyl compounds including S-camphorquinone using NADH as the coenzyme, exhibiting low Km values of 0.004-0.006 mM. The reductase activity of the enzyme determined with NADPH as the coenzyme is less than 40% of their NADH-linked activity
-
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5alpha-dihydrotestosterone
5beta-dihydrotestosterone
Barbital
-
1mM, 68% inhibition
CdCl2
-
dithiol modifier, strong competitive inhibitor to cofactor
chenodeoxycholic acid
-
0.1 mM, 24% inhibition
cholic acid
-
0.1 mM, 10% inhibition
epiandrosterone
-
0.1 mM, 77% inhibition
indomethacin
-
1 mM, 84% inhibition
naloxone
-
1mM, 61% inhibition
noranhydroicaritin
J7M9D0
-
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
pyrazole
-
1 mM, 20% inhibition
5alpha-dihydrotestosterone
-
0.1 mM, complete inhibition
5alpha-dihydrotestosterone
-
-
5beta-dihydrotestosterone
-
0.1 mM, complete inhibition
5beta-dihydrotestosterone
-
-
5beta-dihydrotestosterone
-
-
androsterone
-
0.1 mM, 76% inhibition
CuSO4
-
-
estradiol
-
0.1 mM, complete inhibition
Hexestrol
-
hinokitiol
-
Ketamine
-
-
Ketamine
-
1mM, 60% inhibition
lithocholic acid
-
-
lithocholic acid
-
0.1 mM, 75% inhibition
lithocholic acid
-
moderate inhibitory effect
NEM
-
-
NEM
-
inhibit activity at much higher concentration (e.g. at 1 mM)
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
-
-
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid
-
-
Phenolphthalein
-
Phenylarsine oxide
-
dithiol modifier, competitive inhibitor to cofactor binding and noncompetitively toward morphine binding
quercetin
-
weak inhibitory effect
quercitrin
-
-
testosterone
-
0.1 mM, 100% inhibition
additional information
-
no inhibition by NEM, PCMB, iodoacetic acid
-
additional information
-
no or weak inhibition by pyrazole, barbital
-
additional information
-
competitive inhibitors: testosterone, 5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one, 5beta-androsteran-17beta-ol-3-one; no inhibition by indomethacine; no or weak inhibition by pyrazole, barbital
-
additional information
no or poor inhibition by 7-hydroxyflavone, chrysin, quercetin, genistein, galangin, lithocholic acid, and zearalenone
-
additional information
-
no or poor inhibition by 7-hydroxyflavone, chrysin, quercetin, genistein, galangin, lithocholic acid, and zearalenone
-
additional information
-
5beta-dihydrotestosterone, lithocholic acid, androsterone and estradiol inhibit competitively toward morphine binding; little inhibitory effect: indomethacin, prostaglandins E2, D2; no or weak inhibition by pyrazole, barbital
-
additional information
-
no inhibition by EDTA, NEM, hydroxyquinoline
-
additional information
-
competitive inhibition: NADP+ with respect to NADPH, codeine with respect to codeinone
-
additional information
-
no or weak inhibition by pyrazole, barbital
-
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2-mercaptoethanol
-
reversible
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0.12
1-Indanol
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.92
3-hydroxyhexobarbital
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.002
5alpha-androstan-17beta-ol-3-one
-
similar values of other 17beta-hydroxysteroids
1.75
benzenedihydrodiol
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.12
codeinone
-
cosubstrate NADPH
0.54
cyclohexene-2-ol
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.39 - 2.91
Dihydrocodeine
0.02
NAD+
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C
0.009
testosterone
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.027
trans-naphthalene dihydrodiol
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C
additional information
additional information
-
0.033
codeine
-
with NADP+
0.044
codeine
-
with NADP+
0.079
codeine
-
with NAD+
0.45
codeine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
0.39
Dihydrocodeine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.54
Dihydrocodeine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
2.11
Dihydrocodeine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
2.91
Dihydrocodeine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
0.4
ethylmorphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
1.48
ethylmorphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
1.54
ethylmorphine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
0.12
morphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.46
morphine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
0.49
morphine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
0.52
morphine
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C
0.54
morphine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
0.72
morphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
1.25
morphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
2.9
morphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+, in the male adult rats
3.3
morphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+, in the female adult rats
0.0022
NADH
-
-
0.033
NADH
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C
0.015
nalorphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.048
nalorphine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
0.27
naloxone
-
cosubstrate NADPH
0.44
naloxone
-
cosubstrate NADH
0.044
normorphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
0.15
normorphine
-
cosubstrate NADP+
0.64
normorphine
-
cosubstrate NAD+
additional information
additional information
J7M9D0
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
additional information
additional information
-
Michaelis-Menten kinetics
-
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0.49
morphine
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C
0.004
NAD+
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C
0.067
trans-naphthalene dihydrodiol
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C
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0.0032 - 0.037
hinokitiol
0.05
icarisid II
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
above, pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.013
ikarisoside A
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.02
kaempferol
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
above, pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.0064
noranhydroicaritin
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.00065 - 0.007
Phenolphthalein
0.026
quercetin
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.04
quercitrin
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.05
zearalenone
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
above, pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.0013
Hexestrol
Mesocricetus auratus
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.073
Hexestrol
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.0032
hinokitiol
Mesocricetus auratus
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.037
hinokitiol
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.00065
Phenolphthalein
Mesocricetus auratus
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
0.007
Phenolphthalein
Oryctolagus cuniculus
J7M9D0
pH 7.4, 25°C, recombinant enzyme
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6.2
-
with NADH als cofactor, 67 mM sodium phosphate buffer
6.5
-
in presence of NADPH reduction of codeinone to codeine, in MOPS buffer
6.8
-
with NADPH as cofactor, 67 mM sodium phosphate buffer
8.6
-
with NADP+ as cofactor, in glycine-NaCl-NaOH buffer
9.1
-
with NADP+ as cofactor, in tricine-NaOH buffer
9.4
-
with NAD+ as cofactor, in glycine-NaCl-NaOH buffer
9.5
-
with NADP+ as cofactor, in glycine-NaOH buffer, oxidizing the C-6 hydroxy group of morphine and codeine
9.7
-
with NAD+ as cofactor, in glycine-NaCl-NaOH buffer
7.4
assay at
9.3
-
in glycine-NaCl-NaOH buffer
9.3
-
in different buffers
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37
-
enzyme assay, reduction of naloxone
25
-
enzyme assay
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-
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
M10
-
-
brenda
M10
-
-
brenda
Wistar
-
-
brenda
Wistar
-
-
brenda
-
UniProt
brenda
Syrian hamster
-
-
brenda
-
J7M9D0
UniProt
brenda
Japanese white rabbit
-
-
brenda
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in male hamsters
brenda
in female hamsters
brenda
in male hamsters
brenda
J7M9D0
high expression level of AKR1C26
brenda
in male hamsters
brenda
J7M9D0
high expression level of AKR1C26
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
in male hamsters
brenda
J7M9D0
high expression level of AKR1C26
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
J7M9D0
high expression level of AKR1C26
brenda
in male hamsters
brenda
J7M9D0
high expression level of AKR1C26
brenda
additional information
mRNA for AKR1C34 is expressed liver-specific in female hamsters and ubiquitously in male hamsters
brenda
additional information
-
mRNA for AKR1C34 is expressed liver-specific in female hamsters and ubiquitously in male hamsters
brenda
additional information
J7M9D0
ubiquitous expression in rabbit tissues
brenda
additional information
-
ubiquitous expression in rabbit tissues
brenda
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-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
brenda
-
-
-
brenda
-
microsomal fraction
-
brenda
-
microsomal fraction
-
brenda
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microsomal fraction
-
-
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physiological function
J7M9D0
mammalian morphine 6-dehydrogenase converts morphine into a reactive electrophile, morphinone. M6DH is involved in the toxic action of morphine including the development of tolerance to this drug
evolution
enzyme M6DH is a member of the aldoketo reductase (AKR) 1C subfamily in the AKR superfamily
evolution
J7M9D0
enzyme M6DH is a member of the aldoketo reductase (AKR) 1C subfamily in the AKR superfamily
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310000
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1 * 310000, SDS-PAGE
31990
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based on sequence data
36000
-
denatured enzyme, SDS-PAGE
31000
-
native enzyme, gel filtration
31000
-
denatured enzyme, SDS-PAGE
32000
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native enzyme, gel filtration
32000
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native enzyme, gel filtration
32000
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elecrospray mass spectrometer
38000
-
denatured enzyme, SDS-PAGE
38000
-
1 * 38000, SDS-PAGE
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monomer
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1 * 38000, SDS-PAGE
monomer
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1 * 38000, SDS-PAGE
monomer
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1 * 310000, SDS-PAGE
monomer
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1 * 310000, SDS-PAGE
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C80S
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change of cysteine to serine: significantly improved stability
D47N
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residue modified by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in substantial loss of activity
K76M
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residue modified by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in substantial loss of activity
C80S
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change of cysteine to serine: significantly improved stability
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D47N
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residue modified by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in substantial loss of activity
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K76M
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residue modified by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in substantial loss of activity
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Y52F
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F is incapable of acting as proton donor /aim: NAD+-dependent morphine dehydrogenase for biotransformation morphine-morphinone-hydromorphine, codeine-hydrocodone respectively (medically useful semisynthetic opiates)
Y52F
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residue modified by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in substantial loss of activity
Y52F
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F is incapable of acting as proton donor /aim: NAD+-dependent morphine dehydrogenase for biotransformation morphine-morphinone-hydromorphine, codeine-hydrocodone respectively (medically useful semisynthetic opiates)
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Y52F
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residue modified by site-directed mutagenesis, resulting in substantial loss of activity
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8
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in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer + 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol + NAD+ at least for a week stable at 2-4°C
286281
6
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at pH6.0 more stable than at pH 8.0 on storage at 4°C
286282
6
-
in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer + 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol + NADP+ or NAD+ at least for a week stable at 2-4°C
286281
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2-mercaptoethanol stabilizes
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2-mercaptoethanol stabilizes during purification and storage, removal inactivates, reversible
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dithiothreitol stabilizes
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enzyme stable without 2-mercaptoethanol
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-80°C, 10% loss of activity over 2 months
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-80C, 20% glycerol, v/v, stable at least four months
2-4°C, 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer + 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, pH 6., 90% of the activity retained with both NAD+ and NADP+ for a week
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4°C, 80% of the activity after a week in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, 100 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, more stable at pH 6.0 than at pH 8.0
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-80C, 20% glycerol, v/v, stable at least four months
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-80C, 20% glycerol, v/v, stable at least four months
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gel filtration, various chromatographic techniques
recombinant His-tagged enzyme from Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS by nickel affinity chromatography, ultrafiltration, and dialysis
gel filtration, various chromatographic techniques
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gel filtration, various chromatographic techniques
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gel filtration, various chromatographic techniques
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gel filtration, various chromatographic techniques
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gene AKR1C26, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS
J7M9D0
gene AKR1C34, cloned from liver, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, sequence comparisons, recombinant expression of His-tagged enzyme in Escherichia coli strain BL21(DE3)pLysS
gene encoding morphine dehydrogenase on natural plasmid, expressed in Escherichia coli
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plasmid containing the gene for morphine dehydrogenase: pMDH1.7
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Yamano, S; Kageura, E.; Ishida, T.; Toki, S.
Purification and characterization of guinea pig liver morphine 6-dehydrogenase
J. Biol. Chem.
260
5259-5264
1985
Cavia porcellus, Cavia porcellus Hartley
brenda
Yamano, S.; Nishida, F; Toki, S.
Guinea-pig liver morphine 6-dehydrogenase as a naloxone reductase
Biochem. Pharmacol.
35
4321-4326
1986
Cavia porcellus, Cavia porcellus Hartley
brenda
Bruce, N.C.; Wilmot, C.J.; Jordan, K.N.; Trebilcock, A.E.; Stephens, L.D.G.; Lowe, Ch.R.
Microbial degradation of the morphine alkaloids: identification of morphinone as an intermediate in the metabolism of morphine by Pseudomonas putida M10
Arch. Microbiol.
154
465-470
1990
Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas putida M10
brenda
Bruce, N.C.; Wilmot, C.J.; Jordan, K.N.; Stephens, L.D.G.; Lowe, Ch.R.
Microbial degradation of the morphine alkaloids
Biochem. J.
274
875-880
1991
Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas putida M10
-
brenda
Walker, E.H.; Bruce, N.C.
Towards engineering an improved morphine dehydrogenase
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
799
6-10
1996
Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas putida M10
brenda
Yamano, S.; Ito, K.; Ogata, S.; Toki, S.
Purification, characterization and partial primary structure of morphine 6-dehydrogenase from rabbit liver cytosol
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
341
81-88
1997
Oryctolagus cuniculus
brenda
Yamano, S.; Takahashi, A.; Todaka, T.; Toki, S.
In vivo and in vitro formation of morphinone from morphine in rat
Xenobiotica
27
645-656
1997
Rattus norvegicus, Rattus norvegicus Wistar
brenda
Todaka, T.; Yamano, S.; Toki, S.
Purification and characterization of NAD-dependent morphine 6-dehydrogenase from hamster liver cytosol, a new member of the aldo-keto reductase superfamily
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
374
189-197
2000
Mesocricetus auratus
brenda
Walker, E.H.; French, C.E.; Rathbone, D.A.; Bruce, N.C.
Mechanistic studies of morphine dehydrogenase and stabilization against covalent inactivation
Biochem. J.
345
687-692
2000
Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas putida M10
brenda
Todaka, T.; Ishida, T.; Kita, H.; Narimatsu, S.; Yamano, S.
Bioactivation of morphine in human liver: isolation and identification of morphinone, a toxic metabolite
Biol. Pharm. Bull.
28
1275-1280
2005
Homo sapiens
brenda
Endo, S.; Matsunaga, T.; Fujimoto, A.; Kumada, S.; Arai, Y.; Miura, Y.; Mikamo, H.; El-Kabbani, O.; Yamano, S.; Iinuma, M.; Hara, A.
Characterization of rabbit morphine 6-dehydrogenase and two NAD+-dependent 3alpha(17beta)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
529
131-139
2013
Oryctolagus cuniculus (J7M9D0), Oryctolagus cuniculus
brenda
Endo, S.; Noda, M.; Ikari, A.; Tatematsu, K.; El-Kabbani, O.; Hara, A.; Kitade, Y.; Matsunaga, T.
Characterization of hamster NAD+-dependent 3(17)beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase belonging to the aldo-keto reductase 1C subfamily
J. Biochem.
158
425-434
2015
Mesocricetus auratus (A0A097ZMY7), Mesocricetus auratus
brenda
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