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EC 1.14.99.36 Details

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EC number

1.14.99.36

Accepted name

β-carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase

Reaction

β-carotene + O₂ = 2 all-trans-retinal (overall reaction);;(1a) β-carotene + O₂ + AH₂ = β-carotene 15,15′-epoxide + H₂O + A;;(1b) β-carotene 15,15′-epoxide + H₂O = 15,15′-dihydroxy-β-carotene;;(1c) 15,15′-dihydroxy-β-carotene + A = 2 all-trans-retinal + AH₂

Other name(s)

β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase (misleading), carotene dioxygenase (misleading), carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase (misleading), BCMO1 (gene name), BCDO (misleading)

Systematic name

β-carotene:oxygen 15,15′-oxidoreductase (15,15′-epoxidizing, bond-cleaving)

CAS registry number

37256-60-3

Comment

Requires bile salts and Fe(II). This animal enzyme catalyses the reaction in three stages, epoxidation of the 15,15′-double bond, hydration of the epoxide leading to ring opening, and oxidative cleavage of the diol formed. Thus only one atom of the dioxygen is incorporated into each retinal molecule. The nature of the acceptor listed in reactions (1a) and (1c) is assumed to be iron within the active site. Formerly classified in EC 1.13.11 as it had been thought to be a dioxygenase. cf. EC 1.13.11.63, β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase.

History

created 1972 as EC 1.13.11.21, transferred 2001 to EC 1.14.99.36, deleted 2015

EC Tree

1 Oxidoreductases

1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors

1.2 Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors

1.3 Acting on the CH-CH group of donors

1.4 Acting on the CH-NH₂ group of donors

1.5 Acting on the CH-NH group of donors

1.6 Acting on NADH or NADPH

1.7 Acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors

1.8 Acting on a sulfur group of donors

1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors

1.10 Acting on diphenols and related substances as donors

1.11 Acting on a peroxide as acceptor

1.12 Acting on hydrogen as donor

1.12.1 With NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor

1.12.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor

1.12.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor

1.12.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

1.12.98 With other, known, physiological acceptors

1.12.99 With unknown physiological acceptors

1.13 Acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)

1.14 Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen

1.15 Acting on superoxide as acceptor

1.16 Oxidizing metal ions

1.17 Acting on CH or CH₂ groups

1.17.1 With NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor

1.17.1.1 CDP-4-dehydro-6-deoxyglucose reductase

1.17.1.2 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase

1.17.1.3 leucoanthocyanidin reductase

1.17.1.4 xanthine dehydrogenase

1.17.1.5 nicotinate dehydrogenase

1.17.1.6 bile-acid 7α-dehydroxylase

1.17.1.7 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA semialdehyde dehydrogenase

1.17.1.8 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate reductase

1.17.1.9 formate dehydrogenase

1.17.1.10 formate dehydrogenase (NADP⁺)

1.17.1.11 formate dehydrogenase (NAD⁺, ferredoxin)

1.17.2 With a cytochrome as acceptor

1.17.3 With oxygen as acceptor

1.17.4 With a disulfide as acceptor

1.17.5 With a quinone or similar compound as acceptor

1.17.7 With an iron-sulfur protein as acceptor

1.17.8 With a flavin as acceptor

1.17.9 With a copper protein as acceptor

1.17.98 With other, known, physiological acceptors

1.17.99 With unknown physiological acceptors

1.18 Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors

1.19 Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor

1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors

1.21 Catalysing the reaction X-H + Y-H = X-Y

1.21.1 With NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor

1.21.3 With oxygen as acceptor

1.21.4 With a disulfide as acceptor

1.21.98 With other, known, physiological acceptors

1.21.99 With unknown physiological acceptors

1.22 Acting on halogen in donors

1.23 Reducing C-O-C group as acceptor

1.97 Other oxidoreductases

1.98 Enzymes using H₂ as reductant (deleted subclass)

1.99 Other enzymes using O₂ as oxidant (deleted subclass)

2 Transferases

2.1 Transferring one-carbon groups

2.2 Transferring aldehyde or ketonic groups

2.3 Acyltransferases

2.4 Glycosyltransferases

2.5 Transferring alkyl or aryl groups, other than methyl groups

2.6 Transferring nitrogenous groups

2.7 Transferring phosphorus-containing groups

2.8 Transferring sulfur-containing groups

2.9 Transferring selenium-containing groups

2.10 Transferring molybdenum- or tungsten-containing groups