6.3.2.3: glutathione synthase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about glutathione synthase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 6.3.2.3
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6.3.2.3
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gamma-glutamylcysteine
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dismutase
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gamma-glutamyl
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catalase
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s-transferase
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sulfoximine
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cadmium
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5-oxoprolinuria
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buthionine
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5-oxoproline
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hemolytic
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acidosis
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phytochelatins
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transpeptidase
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gamma-gcs
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school
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school-based
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pyroglutamic
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glutathione-related
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atp-grasp
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bullied
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l-buthionine-s,r-sulfoximine
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juncea
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6.3.2.2
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glutathione-deficient
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homoglutathione
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gsh-dependent
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medicine
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biotechnology
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synthesis
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analysis
- 6.3.2.3
- gamma-glutamylcysteine
- dismutase
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gamma-glutamyl
- catalase
- s-transferase
- sulfoximine
- cadmium
-
5-oxoprolinuria
-
buthionine
- 5-oxoproline
-
hemolytic
- acidosis
- phytochelatins
- transpeptidase
- gamma-gcs
-
school
-
school-based
-
pyroglutamic
-
glutathione-related
-
atp-grasp
-
bullied
-
l-buthionine-s,r-sulfoximine
- juncea
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6.3.2.2
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glutathione-deficient
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homoglutathione
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gsh-dependent
- medicine
- biotechnology
- synthesis
- analysis
Reaction
Synonyms
Asuc_1947, bifunctional glutathione synthetase, bifunctional GSH synthetase, bifunctional L-glutathione synthetase, gamma -glutamate-cysteine ligase-glutathione synthetase, gamma-GCS, gamma-GCS-GS, gamma-glutamate-cysteine ligase/glutathione synthetase, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase-glutathione synthetase, GCL, GCSGS, ghF, glutamate cysteine ligase, glutathione biosynthesis bifunctional protein GshAB, Glutathione synthase, Glutathione synthetase, Glutathione synthetase (tripeptide), GS, GSH synthase, GSH synthetase, GSH-S, GSH2, gshAB, GSHase, gshB, GshF, GshFAp, GshFAs, GSHII, GSHS, GSHS1, GSS, hGS, L-glutathione synthetase, More, Phytochelatin synthetase, StGCL-GS, Synthetase, glutathione, TAGS1, TaGS2, TbGS, ZmGS
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6.3.2.3 glutathione synthaseAdvanced search results
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results (Natural Substrates Products
Natural Substrates Products on EC 6.3.2.3 - glutathione synthase
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NATURAL SUBSTRATE 
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
ATP + gamma-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutathione
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ir
ATP + gamma-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutathione
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ir
ATP + gamma-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + gamma-glutathione
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-
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ir
ATP + gamma-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
patients with hereditary glutathione synthetase deficiency suffer from haemolytic anaemia, 5-oxoprolinuria, metabolic acidosis, recurrent bacterial infections and various degrees of central nervous system dysfunction
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-
?
ATP + gamma-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
two NFE2 sites in the human GSS promoter play important roles in the basal expression of glutathione synthetase. The glutathione synthetase gene expression is also regulated by Nrf2
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?
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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final step of glutathione biosynthesis
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?
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
second step in the biosynthesis of glutahione
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?
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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?
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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ApoE-deficient mice show reduced enzyme expression and activity, genetic regulation mechanism, overview
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?
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
AF333982
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?
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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second step in the biosynthesis of glutahione
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r
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
final step in glutathione biosynthesis
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ir
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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gene is regulated by stresses via the Atf1-Spc-1-Wis1 signal pathway
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?
ATP + gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys + Gly
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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enzyme catalyzes the final step of glutathione biosynthesis
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ATCC 55618
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
-
-
?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
GSH homeostasis in plants is essential for cellular redox control and efficient responses to abiotic and biotic stress. Compartmentation of the GSH biosynthetic pathway is a unique feature of plants, restricting glutathione biosynthesis to the cytosol is sufficient for normal plant development, overview
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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an optimally functioning two-step glutathione biosynthetic pathway is required in vivo for a robust defense against arsenite
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
-
glutathione is a ubiquitous intracellular peptide with diverse functions that include detoxification, antioxidant defense, maintenance of thiol status, and modulation of cell proliferation, whose biosynthesis is tightly regulated, overview. GSH synthase is regulated in a coordinated manner and its up-regulation can further enhance the capacity of the cell to synthesize GSH, enzyme regulation, detailed overview
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
-
glutathione is a ubiquitous intracellular peptide with diverse functions that include detoxification, antioxidant defense, maintenance of thiol status, and modulation of cell proliferation, whose biosynthesis is tightly regulated, overview. GSH synthase is regulated in a coordinated manner and its up-regulation can further enhance the capacity of the cell to synthesize GSH, enzyme regulation, detailed overview. Changes in GSH homeostasis occur in mice with liver-specific retinoid X receptor RXRalpha deletion
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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the enzyme catalyzes the last step in glutathione biosynthesis, loss of intracellular neuronal GSH is an important feature of neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, overview
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
-
?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
-
?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
-
glutathione is a ubiquitous intracellular peptide with diverse functions that include detoxification, antioxidant defense, maintenance of thiol status, and modulation of cell proliferation, whose biosynthesis is tightly regulated, overview. GSH synthase is regulated in a coordinated manner and its up-regulation can further enhance the capacity of the cell to synthesize GSH, enzyme regulation, detailed overview
-
-
?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
the enzyme catalyzes the last step in glutathione biosynthesis
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
-
?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
Streptococcus agalactiae serogroup V ATCC BAA-611 / 2603 V/R
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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-
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?
ATP + gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteine + glycine
ADP + phosphate + glutathione
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?
additional information
?
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dysregulation of GSH synthesis occurs in aging and is increasingly being recognized as contributing to the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions including diabetes mellitus, pulmonary fibrosis, cholestatic liver injury, endotoxemia and drug-resistant tumor cells, detailed overview. Decrease in the activity of GS alone without a change in glutathione cysteine ligase, GCL EC 6.3.2.2, and a fall in muscle GSH levels occur after surgical trauma in human skeletal muscle
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?
additional information
?
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dysregulation of GSH synthesis is increasingly being recognized as contributing to the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions including diabetes mellitus, pulmonary fibrosis, cholestatic liver injury, endotoxemia and drug-resistant tumor cells
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?
additional information
?
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glutathione depletion is critical in cardiac dysfunction, antioxidant therapy shows positive effects on the redox state and in the disease, e.g. in metallothionein overexpressing transgenic mice or by application of buthionine sulfoximine, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the anti-oxidant response element promotes the expression of protective proteins including those required for glutathione synthesis, i.e. the xCT cystine antiporter, gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase and glutathione synthase, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the consequences of GSH depletion include increased oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA and subsequent cytotoxic effects. GSH is also an important modulator of cellular copper homeostasis and altered Cu metabolism is central to the pathology of several neurodegenerative diseases. Both neurons and fibroblasts revealed increased expression and activation of p53 after depletion of GSH
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme forms a disulfide adduct with 2-mercaptoethanol, when purified in the presence of this reducing agent
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme forms a disulfide adduct with 2-mercaptoethanol, when purified in the presence of this reducing agent
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?
additional information
?
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the enzyme forms a disulfide adduct with 2-mercaptoethanol, when purified in the presence of this reducing agent
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?
additional information
?
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dysregulation of GSH synthesis is increasingly being recognized as contributing to the pathogenesis of many pathological conditions including diabetes mellitus, pulmonary fibrosis, cholestatic liver injury, endotoxemia and drug-resistant tumor cells
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?
additional information
?
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the bifunctional enzyme GshF exhibits the activities of glutamate-cyseteine ligase, EC 6.3.2.2, and glutathione synthetase, EC 6.3.2.3
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?
additional information
?
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the bifunctional enzyme GshF exhibits the activities of glutamate-cyseteine ligase, EC 6.3.2.2, and glutathione synthetase, EC 6.3.2.3
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?
