4.1.1.28: aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 4.1.1.28
-
4.1.1.28
-
dopaminergic
-
serotonin
-
parkinsonism
-
monoamine
-
striatum
-
catecholamine
-
neurotransmitter
-
carbidopa
-
noradrenaline
-
levodopa
-
norepinephrine
-
benserazide
-
5-hydroxytryptamine
-
substantia
-
dopac
-
serotonergic
-
tryptamine
-
nigrostriatal
-
catharanthus
-
catechol-o-methyltransferase
-
roseus
-
beta-hydroxylase
-
5-hydroxyindoleacetic
-
homovanillic
-
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
-
catecholaminergic
-
dyskinesia
-
dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
-
alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
-
5-hiaa
-
pargyline
-
strictosidine
-
monoaminergic
-
raphe
-
l-dopa-induced
-
l-dihydroxyphenylalanine
-
apomorphine
-
antiparkinsonian
-
gamma-butyrolactone
-
tuberoinfundibular
-
autoreceptors
-
3-methoxytyramine
-
quinpirole
-
entacapone
-
catecholamine-synthesizing
-
dihydroxyphenylacetic
-
non-dopaminergic
-
phenylethanolamine
-
pharmacology
-
analysis
-
6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned
-
medicine
-
drug development
-
synthesis
-
tolcapone
- 4.1.1.28
-
dopaminergic
- serotonin
- parkinsonism
-
monoamine
- striatum
- catecholamine
-
neurotransmitter
- carbidopa
- noradrenaline
- levodopa
- norepinephrine
- benserazide
- 5-hydroxytryptamine
-
substantia
-
dopac
-
serotonergic
- tryptamine
-
nigrostriatal
- catharanthus
- catechol-o-methyltransferase
- roseus
- beta-hydroxylase
-
5-hydroxyindoleacetic
-
homovanillic
-
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic
-
catecholaminergic
- dyskinesia
- dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
- alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine
-
5-hiaa
- pargyline
- strictosidine
-
monoaminergic
-
raphe
-
l-dopa-induced
- l-dihydroxyphenylalanine
- apomorphine
-
antiparkinsonian
- gamma-butyrolactone
-
tuberoinfundibular
-
autoreceptors
- 3-methoxytyramine
- quinpirole
- entacapone
-
catecholamine-synthesizing
-
dihydroxyphenylacetic
-
non-dopaminergic
- phenylethanolamine
- pharmacology
- analysis
-
6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned
- medicine
- drug development
- synthesis
- tolcapone
Reaction
Synonyms
3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine carboxylase, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase, 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan decarboxylase, 5-Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, 5-hydroxytryptophan hydroxylase, 5HTP decarboxylase, AAAC, AAAD, AACD, AADC, AADC1A, AADC1B, AADC393, AADC438, AADC486, Alt-DDC, aromatic acid acid decarboxylase, Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase 1A, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase 1B, Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, aromatic L-aminoacid decarboxylase, aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase, CrTDC, DDC, Decarboxylase, aromatic amino acid, Di-ADC, Dihydroxyphenylalanine-5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, DOPA DC, dopa decarboxilase, DOPA decarboxylase, DOPA-5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, DOPA/5HTP decarboxylase, dopamine decarboxylase, EC 4.1.1.26, EC 4.1.1.27, HsDDC, Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine decarboxylase, L-5-Hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase, L-amino acid decarboxylase, L-amino-acid decarboxylase, L-Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, L-aromatic aminoacid decarboxylase, L-DOPA decarboxylase, L-Tryptophan decarboxylase, neural-type DDC, non-neural DDC, PP_2552, TDC, TDC2, Tenebrio Dopa decarboxylase, Trp decarboxylase, Tryptophan decarboxylase, tryptophan decarboxylase-1, tryptophan decarboxylase-2, TYDC, Tydc9, Tyrosine/Dopa decarboxylase
ECTree
4.1.1.28 aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (Natural Substrates Products
Natural Substrates Products on EC 4.1.1.28 - aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase
Please wait a moment until all data is loaded. This message will disappear when all data is loaded.
top
NATURAL SUBSTRATE 
NATURAL PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
REVERSIBILITY
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
? + CO2
-
regulation of the ganglionic dopamine level
-
?
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
neuroprotective role for AADC against L-DOPA toxicity in primary striatal cultures. The protective effect is due primarily to AADC-dependent conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine, leading, in turn, to an increase in intracellular dopamine levels
-
-
?
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
enzyme is involved in the biosynthesis of monoamine neurotransmitters
-
-
?
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
L-DOPA, substrate exerts apoptotic cytotoxicity towards PC12 cells at a concentration of 0.1-0.2 mM for 24-48 h
major amine neurotransmitter
-
?
5-Hydroxytryptophan
Serotonin + CO2
-
The biosynthesis of serotonin requires aromatic substrates to be bound in the active sites of the enzymes tryptophan hydroxylase and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase
-
-
?
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
L-dopa, levodopa, AADC constitutes the last enzymatic step in the biosynthesis of dopamine
-
-
?
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
L-dopa, levodopa, substrate alleviates the clinical symptoms of Parkinson disease
-
-
?
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
L-dopa, levodopa, substrate alleviates the clinical symptoms of Parkinson disease
-
-
?
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
DOPA, plays a role in the neuromodulation of behavior
-
-
?
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
L-dopa, levodopa, substrate alleviates the clinical symptoms of Parkinson disease
-
-
?
L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine
Dopamine + CO2
-
the renal dopaminergic system is highly dynamic and the basic mechanisms for the regulation of this system mainly depends on the availability of L-dopa, its fast decarboxylation into dopamine, precise cell outward amine transfer mechanisms, dopamine interaction with specific receptor and accurate intracellular signal transduction
-
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
-
dopamine can serve as the catecholamine substrate for melanin production
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
-
-
dopamine has a neural role and is metabolized to produce melanin and sclerotin in epidermal tissues
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
-
-
-
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
-
enzyme is central in the synthesis of biogenic monoamine neurotransmitters, these include serotonin as well as the catecholamines dopamine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
-
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
-
second enzyme in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the synthesis of important neurotransmitters
-
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
-
clozapine modulates AAAD activity in striatum and enhances exogenous L-DOPA decarboxylation in intact mice and mice lesioned with1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Kinetic analysis of AAAD at 1 h showed an increase in the apparent Vmax for both the substrate L-DOPA and the cofactor pyridoxal-5'-phosphate with no changes for Km. Dopamine D4 and 5-HT2A and 5-HT1A antagonists also increase AAAD activity in striatum
-
-
?
L-Dopa
dopamine + CO2
biosynthesis of catecholamine neurotransmitters and serotonin
-
-
?
L-tryptophan
tryptamine + CO2
implicated in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid, also involved in the formation of the monoamine serotonin, and of simple alkaloids such as the beta-carbolines
-
?
L-tryptophan
tryptamine + CO2
implicated in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid, also involved in the formation of the monoamine serotonin, and of simple alkaloids such as the beta-carbolines
-
?
L-tryptophan
tryptamine + CO2
-
implicated in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid, also involved in the formation of the monoamine serotonin, and of simple alkaloids such as the beta-carbolines
-
?
L-tryptophan
tryptamine + CO2
-
implicated in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid, also involved in the formation of the monoamine serotonin, and of simple alkaloids such as the beta-carbolines
-
?
L-tryptophan
tryptamine + CO2
-
catalyzes an early step of the terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic pathway
-
?
L-tryptophan
tryptamine + CO2
-
enzyme responsible for the decarboxylation step in both the catecholamine and indoleamine synthetic pathway, second step enzyme for monoamine synthesis
-
?
L-tryptophan
tryptamine + CO2
-
implicated in the biosynthesis of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid, also involved in the formation of the monoamine serotonin, and of simple alkaloids such as the beta-carbolines
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme is involved in the production of melanin, a complex biochemical process in which several enzymes may play a role
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme is involved in the production of melanin, a complex biochemical process in which several enzymes may play a role
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is involved in the production of melanin, a complex biochemical process in which several enzymes may play a role
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is responsible for the decarboxylation step in both the catecholamine and the indolamine synthetic pathways. The enzyme is regulated by a short term mechanism that may involve activation of adenyl cyclase or protein kinase C
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is responsible for the decarboxylation step in both the catecholamine and the indolamine synthetic pathways. The enzyme is regulated by a short term mechanism that may involve activation of adenyl cyclase or protein kinase C
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Ddc activities are key regulatory components for haemocyte aggregation and melanization in the presence of bacteria
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Ddc activities are key regulatory components for haemocyte aggregation and melanization in the presence of bacteria
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
Ddc is involved in wound healing, parasite defense, cuticle hardening, melanization and in the behavior of insects
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Ddc is involved in wound healing, parasite defense, cuticle hardening, melanization and in the behavior of insects
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
DDC activity is required in the epidermis for the synthesis of dopamine that is metabolized to produce reactive quinones that exert killing effects on invading bacteria
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
DDC plays a role in the Drosophila innate immune response in larvae and adults
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
dopa decarboxylase plays an essential role in wound healing in the Drosophila embryo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is responsible for the decarboxylation step in both the catecholamine and the indolamine synthetic pathways. The enzyme is regulated by a short term mechanism that may involve activation of adenyl cyclase or protein kinase C
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
AADC deficiency leads to severe floppiness, oculogyric crises, athetoid movement, prominent startle response, tongue thrusting, ptosis, paroxysmal diaphoresis, nasal congestion, diarrhea, irritability and sleep disorders, patients with AADC deficiency in Taiwan have particular clinical manifestations of small hands and feet
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
AADC follows the initial and rate-limiting step of synthesis, which is the formation of levodopa and 5-hydroxytryptophan from tyrosine and tryptophan by specific tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent hydroxylases
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency is a disorder of biogenic amine metabolism resulting in generalized combined deficiency of serotonin, dopamine and catecholamines. Main clinical features are developmental delay, muscular hypotonia, dystonia, oculogyric crises and additional extraneurological symptoms
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency is a rare inborn error of neurotransmitter biosynthesis that leads to a combined deficiency of catecholamines and serotonin and is characterized by global developmental delay, involuntary movements, and autonomic dysfunction
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
deficiency of the enzyme leads to a reduced level of downstream biogenic amines, including dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine and serotonin, which plays a potential pathophysiological role in disorders of psychomotor modulation, maladjustment in sleep pattern, body temperature, cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
L-dopa decarboxylase is a pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-dependent enzyme involved in many malignancies
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
Mutations that decrease substrate binding can result in a decrease in serotonin production and thus can lead to depression and related disorders
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
regulating factor of the proliferation and differentiation of different leukocyte subtypes
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA and DDC mRNA in plasma of children with neuroblastoma are highly correlated
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
normal movement and behavior do not depend on complete recovery of enzyme function (after suicide inhibition), but likely on pre-synaptic and post-synaptic compensatory mechanisms
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
DDC is involved in the synthesis of dopamine, serotonin and acts as an androgen receptor co-regulator protein
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the imprinting and developmental regulation of Ddc_exon1a expression in the heart suggests fundamental roles in cardiogenesis and cardiac function
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the imprinting and developmental regulation of Ddc_exon1a expression in the heart suggests fundamental roles in cardiogenesis and cardiac function
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the key step in the formation of the aromatic amines dopamine, epinephrine and norepinephrine is catalyzed by a single enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
key enzyme in the production of biogenic amines
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is responsible for the decarboxylation step in both the catecholamine and the indolamine synthetic pathways. The enzyme is regulated by a short term mechanism that may involve activation of adenyl cyclase or protein kinase C
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
DOPA cyclohexyl ester is an antagonist of DOPA
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
catalyzes the decarboxylation of aromatic amino acids into their corresponding amines
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme is responsible for the decarboxylation step in both the catecholamine and the indolamine synthetic pathways. The enzyme is regulated by a short term mechanism that may involve activation of adenyl cyclase or protein kinase C
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the pig DDC is able to catalyze oxidative deamination of aromatic amines, cf. EC 4.3.1., and the generated carbonyl compounds act as suicide or mechanism-based inhibitors of the enzyme, catalytic mechanism with formation of a ketimine and superoxide as reaction intermediates, overview. The stoichiometry of dioxygen consumed with respect to carbonyl compound and ammonia formed as well as amine oxidized is 1:2. Studies with an analogue of serotonin undergoing oxidative deamination with DDC, i.e. D-tryptophan methyl ester, shows the accumulation of the quinonoid intermediate of this reaction
-
-
?
