3.5.4.1: cytosine deaminase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about cytosine deaminase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 3.5.4.1
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3.5.4.1
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cytidine
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deaminases
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5-fluorocytosine
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deamination
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prodrugs
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virion
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hypermutation
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viruses
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5-fluorouracil
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apolipoprotein
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retroviruses
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suicide
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uracil
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retroviral
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apobecs
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single-stranded
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antiretroviral
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polypeptide-like
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mrna-editing
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g-to-a
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bystander
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activation-induced
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retrotransposons
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anti-hiv-1
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proviral
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retroelements
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lentiviruses
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encapsidation
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ganciclovir
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deoxycytidine
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retrotransposition
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ssdna
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fiv
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samhd1
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cullin
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minus-strand
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replication-competent
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gene-directed
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sivmac
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medicine
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line-1
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hsv-tk
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vpr
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gdept
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non-ltr
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molecular biology
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xenotropic
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analysis
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pharmacology
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biotechnology
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trim5alpha
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diagnostics
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proviruses
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nickase
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agriculture
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single-cycle
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elongins
- 3.5.4.1
- cytidine
- deaminases
- 5-fluorocytosine
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deamination
-
prodrugs
- virion
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hypermutation
- viruses
- 5-fluorouracil
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apolipoprotein
- retroviruses
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suicide
- uracil
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retroviral
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apobecs
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single-stranded
-
antiretroviral
-
polypeptide-like
-
mrna-editing
-
g-to-a
-
bystander
-
activation-induced
-
retrotransposons
-
anti-hiv-1
-
proviral
-
retroelements
- lentiviruses
-
encapsidation
- ganciclovir
- deoxycytidine
-
retrotransposition
- ssdna
- fiv
- samhd1
-
cullin
-
minus-strand
-
replication-competent
-
gene-directed
- sivmac
- medicine
-
line-1
-
hsv-tk
- vpr
-
gdept
-
non-ltr
- molecular biology
-
xenotropic
- analysis
- pharmacology
- biotechnology
- trim5alpha
- diagnostics
- proviruses
-
nickase
- agriculture
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single-cycle
-
elongins
Reaction
Synonyms
A3DE, APOBEC1, APOBEC3, APOBEC3G, CD, CDA, CDase, codA, CodA protein, Cytosine aminohydrolase, cytosine deaminase, cytosine deaminase I, cytosine deaminase II, cytosine deaminase P, cytosine deaminase S, cytosine deaminase Y, Fca1p, FCY1, isocytosine deaminase, yCD, Zn2+CDase
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3.5.4.1 cytosine deaminaseAdvanced search results
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results (Engineering
Engineering on EC 3.5.4.1 - cytosine deaminase
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PROTEIN VARIANTS 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
S29L
D134A
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site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant enzyme shows a higher affinity for cytosine than the wild-type enzyme
D313A
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metal contet: 0.57 Zn, 0.32 Fe. Mutant possesses less than 0.01% of activity of wild-type enzyme
D313N
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metal contet: 1.05 Zn, 0.05 Fe. kcat decreased compared to wild-type, Km increased compared to wild-type
D314A
D314E/F316L/D317G
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the mutant displays 9% substrate specificity towards cytosine and 1820% substrate specificity towards 5-fluorocytosine compared to the wild type enzyme
E217A
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metal contet: 0.9 Zn, 0.08 Fe. Mutant possesses less than 0.01% of activity of wild-type enzyme
E217Q
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metal contet: 0.87 Zn, 0.15 Fe. Mutant possesses less than 0.01% of activity of wild-type enzyme
F316A
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KM-value with cytosine similar to wild-type, decrease in KM-value with 5-fluorocytosine
H246A
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metal contet: 0.59 Zn, 0.33 Fe. Mutant possesses less than 0.01% of activity of wild-type enzyme
H246N
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metal contet: 0.53 Zn, 0.29 Fe. Mutant possesses less than 0.01% of activity of wild-type enzyme
H246Q
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metal contet: 0.31 Zn, 0.33 Fe. kcat and Km decreased compared to wil-type
Q156A
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metal contet: 0.92 Zn, 0.04 Fe. Mutant possesses less than 0.01% of activity of wild-type enzyme
Q156N
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metal contet: 1.40 Zn, 0.04 Fe. Mutant possesses less than 0.01% of activity of wild-type enzyme
V152A/F316C/D317G
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the mutant displays 4% substrate specificity towards cytosine and 1920% substrate specificity towards 5-fluorocytosine compared to the wild type enzyme
V315L/F316V/D317G
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the mutant displays 6% substrate specificity towards cytosine and 1880% substrate specificity towards 5-fluorocytosine compared to the wild type enzyme
D314E/F316L/D317G
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the mutant displays 9% substrate specificity towards cytosine and 1820% substrate specificity towards 5-fluorocytosine compared to the wild type enzyme
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V152A/F316C/D317G
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the mutant displays 4% substrate specificity towards cytosine and 1920% substrate specificity towards 5-fluorocytosine compared to the wild type enzyme
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V315L/F316V/D317G
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the mutant displays 6% substrate specificity towards cytosine and 1880% substrate specificity towards 5-fluorocytosine compared to the wild type enzyme
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C320Y
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A3DE catalytic activity is significantly increased which in turn increases antiviral activity by more than 20fold
C320Y/E264Q
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insertion of E264Q mutation completely disrupts C320Y activity, virion packaging capability is not impaired. Thus, the activity of C320Y does require an active cytidine deaminase
A23L/D92E/V108I/I140L
construction of superimposed mutants by combining randomly generated single nucleotide mutants with the triple mutant, the superimposed mutant does not show enhanced activity with 5-fluorouracil and negates the effect introduced by the triple substitutions
A23L/I140L
site-directed mutagenesis, the mutant display elevated unfolding temperatures in denaturation experiments and increased half-lives of catalytic activity at elevated temperatures, the mutant cells show an about 30% reduced sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil compared to the wild-type cells
A23L/M93L/V108I/I140L
construction of superimposed mutants by combining randomly generated single nucleotide mutants with the triple mutant, the superimposed mutant does not show enhanced activity with 5-fluorouracil and negates the effect introduced by the triple substitutions
A23L/V108I/I140L
site-directed mutagenesis, display elevated unfolding temperatures in denaturation experiments and increased half-lives of catalytic activity at elevated temperatures, the mutant cells show an about 50% reduced sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil compared to the wild-type cells
A23L/V108I/I140L/I98L
construction of superimposed mutants by combining randomly generated single nucleotide mutants with the triple mutant, the superimposed mutant does not show enhanced activity with 5-fluorouracil and negates the effect introduced by the triple substitutions
D92E
random mutagenesis, the mutation is located at the enzyme's dimer interface, the mutant shows increased thermal stability with elevated Tm values and increased activity half-life compared to the wild-type enzyme, the mutant cells show an about 30% reduced sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil compared to the wild-type cells
E64A
E64D
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the effect of E64D mutation are slightly milder than the E64A mutation
additional information
S29L
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the substitution in the cytosine deaminase Fca1p is responsible for clade-specific fluorocytosine resistance in Candida dubliniensis
S29L
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the substitution in the cytosine deaminase Fca1p is responsible for clade-specific fluorocytosine resistance in Candida dubliniensis
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D314A
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11fold increase in KM-value with cytosine, decrease in KM-value with 5-fluorocytosine
D314A
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impaired catalytic efficiency for cytosine, improved catalytic efficiency for 5-fluorocytosine
D314A
PCR-directed mutagenesis, activity against 5-fluorocytosine 2-fold increased, 17-fold lower sensitivity against native cytosine
E64A
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E64A mutation causes a decrease in kcat of 5 orders of magnitude and an increase in Km of 2 orders of magnitude, resulting in a decrease in kcat/Km of 8 orders of magnitude
additional information
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construction of secreted form of enzyme by fusion with pre-prosegment of human tissue plasminogen activator. Secreted enzyme temporarily spares transduced cells and enhanced accumulation of extracellular 5-fluorouracil. Tumors expressing the secreted enzyme have an improved response to 5-fluorocytosine treatment compared to tumors expressing intracellular enzyme
additional information
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adenovirus-mediated hypoxia-targeting cytosine deaminase gene therapy enhances radiotherapy in tumour xenografts, overview
additional information
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construction of a chimeric fusion protein consisting of cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyltransferase in human pancreatic cancer and glioma cell lines, the recombinant fusion enzyme mediates 5-fluorouracil cell killing and leads to growth inhibition of tumor tissue, overview
additional information
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construction of a fusion gene in an adenoviral vector comprising human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter, and cytosine deaminase from Escherichia coli
additional information
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construction of a fusion gene using cytosine deaminase in combination with uracil phosphoribosyl transferase, the product of the suicide gene, CDUPRT, converts the prodrug, 5-fluorocytosine, into 5-fluorouracil and other cytotoxic metabolites that kill both CDUPRT-expressing and surrounding cells, via a bystander effect, in pseudo-metastates in mouse tissues, tissue-specifix effects, overview
additional information
construction of a fusion protein HSV-1TKglyCD combining Herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase, HSV-1TK, and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase, CD, with screening for the optimal suitable linker peptide, molecular modeling, overview
additional information
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construction of a fusion protein HSV-1TKglyCD combining Herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase, HSV-1TK, and Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase, CD, with screening for the optimal suitable linker peptide, molecular modeling, overview
additional information
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construction of a replication-incompetent vector, i.e. AdLPCD vector, comprising the cytosine deaminase gene and the L-plastin promoter, which regulates the expression of transgenes
additional information
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construction of and transfection with vectors encoding Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase and herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase leads to greater cell death in procaspase-3-expressing clones of 3AO cells, ovarian cancer cells than in control cells after treatment with ganciclovir or 5-fluorocytosine, as well as more rapid activation of caspase-3 and more rapid cleavage of poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase, overview
additional information
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expression of recombinant cytosine deaminase activity in Bifidobacterium breve I-53-8w is eefective in tumor-targeting enzyme/prodrug therapy in rats, phenotype, overview
additional information
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expression of recombinant cytosine deaminase activity in Bifidobacterium longum results in and strong enhancement of tumor-targeting enzyme/prodrug therapy in human cells, overview
additional information
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expression of the enzyme in Rattus norvegicus, BDIX rats, in induced colorectal adenocarcinoma in a gene therapy approach leads to intratumor chemotherapy using 5-fluorocytosine, which is locally converted to 5-fluorouracil, the treatment results in destruction of the gene-modified tumor, other physiological processes might contribute to the tumor destruction, overview
additional information
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co-expression of the uracil phosphoribosyltransferase gene with a chimeric truncated human nerve growth factor receptor/cytosine deaminase fusion gene, using a single retroviral vector, augments cytotoxicity of transduced human T cells exposed to 5-fluorocytosine, for positive selection, overview, construct NG/CDiU expressing UPRT and NG/CD, using a bicistronic message, provides the greatest UPRT activity and killing, reducing the lethal dose of 5-FC sufficient to eradicate 90% of cells
additional information
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construction of a chimeric bifuntional enzyme comprising cytosine deaminase and uracil phosphoribosyl transferase activities, overview
additional information
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construction of a fusion gene consisting of the SV40 minimal promoter, nine copies of a hypoxia-responsive element, and the yeast CD gene
additional information
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construction of a fusion gene encoding the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the human nerve growth factor receptor and the cytoplasmic portion of the yeast CD gene
additional information
construction of a fusion protein of yeast cytosine deaminase with yeast uracil phosphoribosyltransferase
additional information
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construction of a fusion protein of yeast cytosine deaminase with yeast uracil phosphoribosyltransferase
additional information
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construction of a His6-tagged fusion protein using the yeast cytosine deaminase and a single chain fragment variable human antibody specific for carcinoembryonic antigen, CEA, cell surfaces under control of the lac promoter, the chimeric enzyme shows high affinity for binding to Mel P5 and LoVo melanoma cells and improves tumor-selective prodrug activation, overview
additional information
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fusion of the HSV-1 tegument protein vp22, as full-length protein and as truncated protein lacking the trafficking residues, to cytosine deaminase and stable expression in 9L tumors confers enhanced bystander effect and increased therapeutic benefit in cancer gene therapy, overview
additional information
to create enzyme variants with increased activity to 5-fluorocytosine, 11 codons within the most conserved region of the enzyme, T83, L84, Y85, T86, L88, S89, D92, M93, T95, G96, and I98 are subjected to regiospecific, partially randomizing mutagenesis, Absolutely conserved residues, T87, P90, C91, and C94, within this same region, assumed to be critical for activity, are omitted from randomization, overview
additional information
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to create enzyme variants with increased activity to 5-fluorocytosine, 11 codons within the most conserved region of the enzyme, T83, L84, Y85, T86, L88, S89, D92, M93, T95, G96, and I98 are subjected to regiospecific, partially randomizing mutagenesis, Absolutely conserved residues, T87, P90, C91, and C94, within this same region, assumed to be critical for activity, are omitted from randomization, overview
additional information
construction of a fusion protein of fluorocytosine deaminase FCY with the bacterial uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPP) gene. The recombinant protein converts the precursor 5-fluorocytosine into 5-fluorouracyl, used in the treatment of a range of cancers. The FCY-UPP gene construct acts in a cell-autonomous manner and can inactivate slow developmental processes like lateral root formation by targeting pericycle cells. The 5-fluorouracil precursor acts systemically the tissular inactivation is reversible, and can be used to synchronize plant responses or to determine cell type-specific functions during different developmental stages
additional information
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construction of a fusion protein of fluorocytosine deaminase FCY with the bacterial uracil phosphoribosyl transferase (UPP) gene. The recombinant protein converts the precursor 5-fluorocytosine into 5-fluorouracyl, used in the treatment of a range of cancers. The FCY-UPP gene construct acts in a cell-autonomous manner and can inactivate slow developmental processes like lateral root formation by targeting pericycle cells. The 5-fluorouracil precursor acts systemically the tissular inactivation is reversible, and can be used to synchronize plant responses or to determine cell type-specific functions during different developmental stages
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