3.5.1.11: penicillin amidase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about penicillin amidase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 3.5.1.11
-
3.5.1.11
-
6-aminopenicillanic
-
phenylacetic
-
biocatalyst
-
anandamide
-
acylases
-
cannabinoids
-
cephalosporin
-
synthesis
-
binuclear
-
alcaligenes
-
cephalexin
-
megaterium
-
endocannabinoids
-
semi-synthetic
-
3.5.1.1
-
kluyvera
-
l-asparagine
-
dihydroorotase
-
phenylacetylated
-
allantoinase
-
dihydropyrimidinase
-
lactonase
-
amoxicillin
-
rettgeri
-
eupergit
-
multipoint
-
acyl-enzyme
-
asparaginase
-
hydantoinase
-
phenoxyacetic
-
aminoacylase
-
7-aminocephalosporanic
-
phosphotriesterase
-
sphaericus
-
hydantoin
-
providencia
-
n-acylethanolamines
-
penicillanic
-
dihydrouracil
-
cleas
-
pharmacology
-
industry
- 3.5.1.11
-
6-aminopenicillanic
-
phenylacetic
-
biocatalyst
- anandamide
- acylases
- cannabinoids
- cephalosporin
- synthesis
-
binuclear
- alcaligenes
- cephalexin
- megaterium
-
endocannabinoids
-
semi-synthetic
-
3.5.1.1
-
kluyvera
- l-asparagine
- dihydroorotase
-
phenylacetylated
- allantoinase
- dihydropyrimidinase
- lactonase
- amoxicillin
- rettgeri
-
eupergit
-
multipoint
- acyl-enzyme
- asparaginase
- hydantoinase
-
phenoxyacetic
-
aminoacylase
-
7-aminocephalosporanic
- phosphotriesterase
- sphaericus
- hydantoin
- providencia
- n-acylethanolamines
-
penicillanic
- dihydrouracil
-
cleas
- pharmacology
- industry
Reaction
Synonyms
ACPGA001 PGA, AfPGA, alpha-acylamino-beta-lactam acylhydrolase, amidase, amidohydrolase, ampicillin acylase, AuAAC, benzylpenicillin acylase, BmPGA, Eca3205, KcPGA, maPGA, More, novozym 217, PA, PAC, penicillin acylase, penicillin amidase, Penicillin amidohydrolase, penicillin G acylase, Penicillin G amidase, Penicillin G amidohydrolase, penicillin V acylase, Penicillin V amidase, penicillin-G acylase, PGA, PGA650, PVA, semacylase, Sm-PVA, YxeI
ECTree
3.5.1.11 penicillin amidaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (Substrates Products
Substrates Products on EC 3.5.1.11 - penicillin amidase
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SUBSTRATE 
PRODUCT
REACTION DIAGRAM
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
LITERATURE
(Substrate)
(Substrate)
COMMENTARY
(Product)
(Product)
LITERATURE
(Product)
(Product)
Reversibility
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
r=reversible
ir=irreversible
?=not specified
(R) -2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycine amide + H2O
(R) -2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycine + hydroxylamine
-
-
-
?
(R)-beta-phenylalanine + phenylacetamide
N-phenylacetyl-(R)-beta-phenylalanine + ?
-
the acylation reaction is highly preferential for the acylation of (R)-beta-phenylalanine
-
-
?
(R)-N-acetylphenylglycine + H2O
?
-
S-specific, the stereoselectivity of the reaction decreases almost by one order of magnitude from 5°C to 45°C
-
?
(R)-p-hydroxyphenylglycinamide + H2O
?
-
R-specific, the stereoselectivity of the reaction decreases almost by one order of magnitude from 5°C to 45°C
-
?
(R)-phenylglycinamide + H2O
?
-
R-specific, the stereoselectivity of the reaction decreases almost by one order of magnitude from 5°C to 45°C
-
?
(S)-N-acetylphenylglycine + H2O
?
-
S-specific, the stereoselectivity of the reaction decreases almost by one order of magnitude from 5°C to 45°C
-
?
(S)-p-hydroxyphenylglycinamide + H2O
?
-
R-specific, the stereoselectivity of the reaction decreases almost by one order of magnitude from 5°C to 45°C
-
?
(S)-phenylglycinamide + H2O
?
-
R-specific, the stereoselectivity of the reaction decreases almost by one order of magnitude from 5°C to 45°C
-
?
2-furylmethylpenicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + furan-2-yl-acetic acid
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-(phenoxyacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid + phenoxyacetate
2-nitro-5-phenylacetamidobenzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-aminobenzoic acid
-
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-benzoic acid + H2O
5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid + ?
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
2-phenyl-N-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)acetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-amino-4-sulfamoylphenol
-
-
-
-
?
2-phenylacetamidobenzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-aminobenzoic acid
-
-
-
-
?
2-thienylmethylpenicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + sulfo-(5-sulfothiophen-2-yl)-acetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
3-phenylacetamidobenzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetate + 3-aminobenzoic acid
-
-
-
-
?
4-chloro-L-phenylalanine + phenylacetamide
N-[(4-chlorophenyl)acetyl]-L-tyrosine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
4-fluoro-L-phenylalanine + phenylacetamide
N-[(4-fluorophenyl)acetyl]-L-tyrosine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
4-methyl-L-phenylalanine + phenylacetamide
N-[(4-methylphenyl)acetyl]-L-tyrosine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
4-nitro-L-phenylalanine + phenylacetamide
N-[(4-nitrophenyl)acetyl]-L-tyrosine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
4-phenylacetamidobenzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetate + 4-aminobenzoic acid
-
-
-
-
?
5-nitro-3-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetate + 3-amino-5-nitro-benzoic acid
-
-
-
-
?
5-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylethanoyl]amino]-2-nitrobenzoic acid + H2O
5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid + (R)-2-phenylglycine
-
-
-
?
6-aminopenicillanic acid + methyl n-hexanoate
dihydropenicillin F + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
6-aminopenicillanic acid + methyl n-octanoate
penicillin K + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
6-aminopenicillanic acid + p-hydroxyphenylglycine methyl ester
amoxicillin + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
penicillin V + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + ?
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-phenylacetamide benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-phenylacetamide benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
6-nitro-3-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
7-amino-3-deacetoxycephalosporanic acid + phenylglycine methyl ester
cephalexin + ?
-
-
-
-
?
7-amino-3-propenyl-cephalosporanic acid + 4-hydroxy-D-phenylglycine methyl ester
cefprozil + ?
-
-
-
?
7-amino-deacetoxycephalosporanic acid + phenylacetic acid
deacetoxycephalosporin G + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
7-amino-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid + D-alpha-phenylglycine methylester
?
-
acylating activity
-
-
?
7-amino-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid + D-phenylglycine amide
cephalexin
-
high reactant concentrations
-
-
r
7-aminocephalosporanic acid + (R)-mandelic acid
7-[(1-hydroxy-1-phenyl)-acetamido]-3-acetoxymethyl-D3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
-
-
-
-
?
7-aminocephalosporanic acid + D-alpha-phenylglycine methylester
?
-
acylating activity
-
-
?
7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid + (R)-2-phenylglycine methylester
cephalexin + ?
-
-
-
-
?
7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid + 2-benzoxazolon-3-yl-acetic acid methyl ester
?
-
-
-
?
7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
deacetoxycephalosporin V + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid + phenylacetic acid methyl ester
?
-
-
-
?
aculeacin A + H2O
?
recombinant enzyme
-
-
?
allopurinol + vinyl acetate
1-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)ethyl acetate
-
Markovnikov addition, decrease in activity in the order vinyl acetate, vinyl pentanoate, vinyl decanoate
-
-
?
allopurinol + vinyl decanoate
1-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)ethyl decanoate
-
Markovnikov addition, decrease in activity in the order vinyl acetate, vinyl pentanoate, vinyl decanoate
-
-
?
allopurinol + vinyl pentanoate
1-(4-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl)ethyl pentanoate
-
Markovnikov addition, decrease in activity in the order vinyl acetate, vinyl pentanoate, vinyl decanoate
-
-
?
amoxycillin + H2O
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
?
carbenicillin + H2O
phenylpropanedioate + 6-aminopenicillate
-
-
-
?
cefamandole + H2O
(6R,7R)-7-amino-3-{[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + (2R)-hydroxy(phenyl)acetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
cephalexin + H2O
(2R)-2-[(R)-[[(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]amino](carboxy)methyl]-5-methyl-3,6-dihydro-2H-1,3-thiazine-4-carboxylic acid
-
-
-
-
?
cephalexin + H2O
7-amino-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + D-phenylglycine
cephalexin + H2O
D-phenylglycine + 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid
-
-
-
-
r
cephaloglycin + H2O
(6R,7R)-7-amino-3-(hydroxymethyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + (2R)-amino(phenyl)acetic acid
Pseudomonas melanogenum
-
-
-
-
?
cephaloridine + H2O
(6R,7R)-7-amino-8-oxo-3-[(pyridin-1-ium-1-yl)methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate + (thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid
cephaloridine + H2O
thiophen-2-ylacetic acid + (6R,7R)-7-amino-8-oxo-3-(pyridinium-1-yl-methyl)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
-
-
-
?
cephalosporin C + H2O
7-aminocephalosporanic acid + (R)-2-aminohexadioic acid
-
2.4% of the activity compared to penicillin V
-
-
?
cephalosporin G + H2O
7-amino-desacetoxycephalosporanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
cephalosporin G + H2O
7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanate + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
r
cephalosporin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanate
-
-
-
-
?
cephalothin + H2O
(6R,7R)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-amino-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + (thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid
cephalothin + H2O
thiophen-2-ylacetic acid + (6R,7R)-3-acetoxymethyl-7-amino-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
-
-
-
?
cephradine + H2O
(2R)-amino(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetic acid + (6R,7R)-7-amino-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
-
-
-
-
?
D-(-)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid 4-nitroanilide + H2O
D-(-)-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid + 4-nitrophenol
-
-
-
-
?
D-2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
D-alpha-aminobenzylpenicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + DL-alpha-aminophenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
D-phenylglycine amide + 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cephalexin + ?
-
-
-
?
D-phenylglycine amide + 7-aminodesacetoxymethyl-3-chlorocephalosporanic acid
cephaclor + ?
-
-
-
?
D-phenylglycine methyl ester + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
methanol + ampicillin
-
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine methyl ester + 6-aminopenicillic acid
ampicillin + methanol
-
high ratio of synthesis to hydrolysis at up to 200 mM 6-aminopenicillic acid and 500 mM D-phenylglycine methyl ester at 25°C and pH 6.5. When concentration of 6-aminopenicillic acid reaches saturation, rate of hydrolysis tends toward zero
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine methyl ester + 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cephalexin + ?
-
-
-
?
D-phenylglycine methyl ester + 7-aminodesacetoxymethyl-3-chlorocephalosporanic acid
cephaclor + ?
-
-
-
?
diethyl phenylmalonate + H2O
(+)-ethyl phenylmalonate + ethanol
-
the enantiomeric excess is higher than 98%, producing mainly the (+)-ethyl phenylmalonate ester
-
-
?
dimethyl phenylmalonate + H2O
(+)-methyl phenylmalonate + methanol
-
dimethyl phenylmalonate is fully hydrolyzed to methylphenylmalonate in only 2 h, but even after 10 h phenylmalonic acid is not detected. The enantiomeric excess is higher than 98%, producing mainly the (+)-methyl phenylmalonate ester
-
-
?
DL-alpha-hydroxybenzylpenicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + DL-alpha-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
ethyl 4-[(phenylacetyl)amino] benzoate + H2O
phenylacetate + 4-amino-ethylbenzoate
-
-
-
-
?
glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid + H2O
glutarate + 7-aminocephalosporanic acid
-
-
-
-
?
hydroxyphenylglycineamide + 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cefadroxil + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
isobutoxymethylpenicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + carbonic acid isopropyl ester
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + (2S)-2-amino-2-phenylethanamide
N-[(2S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]-L-phenylalanine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + (2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylethanamide
N-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl]-L-phenylalanine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide
N-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]-L-phenylalanine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + methyl (2S)-hydroxy(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanoate
N-[(2S)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetyl]-L-phenylalanine + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + methyl (4-hydroxyphenyl)acetate
N-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetyl]-L-phenylalanine + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + methyl phenylacetate
N-phenylacetyl-L-phenylalanine + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + N-[(2S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]-L-phenylalanine
N-[(2S)-2-amino-2-phenylacetyl]-L-phenylalanine + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
L-phenylalanine + phenylacetamide
N-phenylacetyl-L-phenylalanine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
L-tyrosine + phenylacetamide
N-(phenylacetyl)-L-tyrosine + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
N-(4-acetylphenyl)-2-phenylacetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-amino-4-acetylphenol
-
-
-
-
?
N-(4-bromophenyl)-2-phenylacetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-amino-4-bromophenol
-
-
-
-
?
N-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-phenylacetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-amino-4-cyanophenol
-
-
-
-
?
N-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-phenylacetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-amino-4-methoxyphenol
-
-
-
-
?
N-(4-methylphenyl)-2-phenylacetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-amino-4-methylphenol
-
-
-
-
?
N-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-phenylacetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-amino-4-nitrophenol
-
-
-
-
?
N-(5-nitro-2-pyridyl)-phenylacetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 5-nitropyridin-2-amine
-
-
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-Asp-Phe methyl ester + H2O
phenylacetic acid + Asp-Phe methyl ester
-
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-DL-tert-leucine + H2O
L-tert-leucine + phenylacetate
-
enantioselective hydrolysis
-
-
?
n-propoxymethylpenicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + carbonic acid monopropyl ester
-
-
-
-
?
N-[4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl]-2-phenylacetamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-amino-4-(methylsulfonyl)phenol
-
-
-
-
?
p-hydroxybenzylpenicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + phenoxyacetate
the conversion yields of 6-aminopenicillanate catalyzed by mutant enzyme T63S/S110C/N198Y reaches 98% with 20% (w/v) penicillin V as substrate, which is significantly higher than that of the wild-type enzyme (85%). The enhancement of specific activity of mutant enzyme is probably attributed to the changes in the number of hydrogen bonds within the molecules
-
-
?
phenoxyethylpenicillin + H2O
3-phenoxypropanoic acid + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
poor substrate
-
-
?
phenylacetate 4-nitroanilide + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 4-nitrolaniline
-
-
-
-
?
phenylacetyl-2-naphthylamide + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-naphthylamine
-
-
-
-
?
phenylacetyl-4-aminobenzoic acid
4-aminobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
colometric assay
-
?
phenylacetyl-7-amido-4-methylcoumarin + H2O
phenylacetate + 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin
-
-
-
-
?
phenylacetyl-L-asparagine + H2O
L-asparagine + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
phenylacetylanthranilic acid + H2O
phenylacetate + 2-aminobenzoic acid
-
colometric assay
-
?
phenylglycine methyl ester + aminopenicillanic acid
ampicillin + methanol
-
-
-
?
phenylglycineamide + 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cefaclor + NH3
-
-
-
-
?
phenylglycinemethylester + 7-aminodeacetoxymethyl-3-chlorocephalosporanic acid
cephalexin + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
vanillylamine + methyl laurate
6-lauroyl-vanillylamide + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
vanillylamine + methyl myristate
6-myristoyl-vinillylamide + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
vanillylamine + methyl n-octanoate
6-octanoyl-vanillylamide + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
[(2R,3S),(2S,3R)]-cis-3-amino-azetidinone + phenoxy-acetic acid methyl ester
(2R,3S)-beta-lactam intermediate + methanol
-
-
-
-
?
(R)-2-phenylglycine amide + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + hydroxylamine
-
-
-
?
(R)-2-phenylglycine amide + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + hydroxylamine
-
-
-
?
(R)-2-phenylglycine amide + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + hydroxylamine
-
-
-
?
(R)-2-phenylglycine amide + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + hydroxylamine
-
-
-
?
(R)-2-phenylglycine methyl ester + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + methanol
-
-
-
?
(R)-2-phenylglycine methyl ester + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + methanol
-
-
-
?
(R)-2-phenylglycine methyl ester + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + methanol
-
-
-
?
(R)-2-phenylglycine methyl ester + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + methanol
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-(phenoxyacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid + phenoxyacetate
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-(phenoxyacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid + phenoxyacetate
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-(phenoxyacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid + phenoxyacetate
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]-benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
Providencia rettgeri PX04
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
-
-
-
?
2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxyphenylacetamide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
?
-
-
-
r
6-aminopenicillanate + phenylacetic acid
penicillin G + H2O
synthesis of penicillin G by enzyme is significantly better than by Escherichia coli enzyme
-
-
r
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)-benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetate
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-phenylacetamide benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-phenylacetamide benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
6-nitro-3-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
r
6-nitro-3-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
3-amino-6-nitrobenzoic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
r
amoxicillin + H2O
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
-
r
amoxicillin + H2O
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
?
amoxicillin + H2O
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
Providencia rettgeri PX04
-
-
-
?
amoxillin + H2O
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
r
amoxillin + H2O
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
r
ampicillin + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
?
ampicillin + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
r
ampicillin + H2O
(R)-2-phenylglycine + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
r
ampicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + (R)-2-phenylglycine
Pseudomonas melanogenum
-
-
-
r
ampicillin + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + (R)-2-phenylglycine
-
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
highly specific
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
complete hydrolysis at low substrate concentrations
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
Priestia megaterium 14945
-
highly specific
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
Priestia megaterium 14945
-
complete hydrolysis at low substrate concentrations
-
-
?
benzylpenicillin + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
higher activity of enzyme immobilised on the amino support suggests that interactions occurring between the amino carrier and the glycan favours a more correct orientation of the protein making it accessible to substrates
-
-
?
cephalexin + H2O
7-amino-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + D-phenylglycine
Pseudomonas melanogenum
-
-
-
-
?
cephalexin + H2O
7-amino-3-methyl-8-oxo-5-thia-1-aza-bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + D-phenylglycine
-
-
-
?
cephalexin + H2O
7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid + D-phenylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
cephalexin + H2O
7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid + D-phenylglycine
-
-
-
-
?
cephalexin + H2O
7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid + D-phenylglycine
-
-
-
r
cephalexin + H2O
7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid + D-phenylglycine
-
-
-
r
cephaloridine + H2O
(6R,7R)-7-amino-8-oxo-3-[(pyridin-1-ium-1-yl)methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate + (thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
cephaloridine + H2O
(6R,7R)-7-amino-8-oxo-3-[(pyridin-1-ium-1-yl)methyl]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylate + (thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
cephalosporin + H2O
7-aminocephalosporanic acid + an amino acid
-
-
-
?
cephalothin + H2O
(6R,7R)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-amino-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + (thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
cephalothin + H2O
(6R,7R)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-amino-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + (thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
cephalothin + H2O
(6R,7R)-3-[(acetyloxy)methyl]-7-amino-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid + (thiophen-2-yl)acetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
D-2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
-
-
-
r
D-2-nitro-5-[(phenylacetyl)amino]benzoic acid + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 5-amino-2-nitrobenzoic acid
-
-
-
r
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
amoxicillin + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
amoxicillin + NH3
-
-
-
r
D-4-hydroxyphenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
amoxicillin + NH3
-
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
ampicillin + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
ampicillin + NH3
-
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine amide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
ampicillin + NH3
-
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine amide + 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cephalexin + NH3
-
kinetically controlled synthesis
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine amide + 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cephalexin + NH3
-
-
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine amide + 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cephalexin + NH3
-
kinetically controlled synthesis
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine amide + 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cephalexin + NH3
-
kinetically controlled synthesis
-
-
r
D-phenylglycine amide + 7-aminodesacetoxycephalosporanic acid
cephalexin + NH3
-
kinetically controlled synthesis
-
-
r
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-homophenylalanine + H2O
homophenylalanine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 80
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-homophenylalanine + H2O
homophenylalanine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 80
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-isoleucine + H2O
isoleucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 80
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-isoleucine + H2O
isoleucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 80
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-leucine + H2O
leucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 80
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-leucine + H2O
leucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 80
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-phenylalanine + H2O
phenylalanine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 90
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-phenylalanine + H2O
phenylalanine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 90
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-tert-leucine + H2O
tert-leucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 105
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-alpha-tert-leucine + H2O
tert-leucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 75
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-beta-homoleucine + H2O
beta-homoleucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 85
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-beta-homoleucine + H2O
beta-homoleucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 55
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-beta-leucine + H2O
beta-leucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 68
-
-
?
N-phenylacetyl-beta-leucine + H2O
beta-leucine + phenylacetate
experimentally determined E-value (enantioselectivity) towards racemic mixtures of alpha- and beta-amino acids: 60
-
-
?
N2-phenylacetyl-2'-deoxyguanosine + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 2'-deoxyguanosine
-
-
-
?
N2-phenylacetyl-2'-deoxyguanosine + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 2'-deoxyguanosine
-
-
-
?
N6-phenylacetyl-2'-deoxyadenosine + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 2'-deoxyadenosine
-
-
-
?
N6-phenylacetyl-2'-deoxyadenosine + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 2'-deoxyadenosine
-
-
-
?
penicillin dihydroF + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + hexanoic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin dihydroF + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + hexanoic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin dihydroF + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + hexanoic acid
Streptomyces lavendulae subsp. lavendulae ATCC 13664
-
-
-
?
penicillin F + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + (3E)-hex-3-enoic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin F + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + (3E)-hex-3-enoic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin F + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + (3E)-hex-3-enoic acid
Streptomyces lavendulae subsp. lavendulae ATCC 13664
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + phenylacetic acid
-
a tryptophan residue is important for binding substrate penicillin G
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanate + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
r
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenyl acetic acid
penicillin G acylase is a type II penicillin acylase
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenyl acetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
r
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
r
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
enzyme specific for penicillin G
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
function in nature not fully understood, possibly functions to degrade phenylacetylated compounds in order to generate phenylacetic acid which can be used as carbon source
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetate + 6-aminopenicillanate
penicillin G acylases preferentially hydrolyze penicillin G, i.e. benzylpenicillin
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetate + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetate + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
product detection by reaction with substrate 6-nitro-3-(phenylacetamido)benzoic acid
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
detection of product 6-aminopenicillanate by reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
product detection by p-dimethylamine benzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
product detection by p-dimethylamine benzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
detection of product 6-aminopenicillanate by reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
hydrolysis of penicillin G to obtain 6-aminopenicillanate in a batch reactor
detection of product 6-aminopenicillanate by reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
Mucor griseocyanus H/55.1.1
-
hydrolysis of penicillin G to obtain 6-aminopenicillanate in a batch reactor
detection of product 6-aminopenicillanate by reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
detection by reaction with p-dimethyl-aminobenzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
product detection by p-dimethylamine benzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
catalysis of the reverse reaction at low pH or low water activity
-
-
r
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
Priestia megaterium ATCC 14945
-
-
product detection by p-dimethylamine benzaldehyde
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin G + H2O
phenylacetic acid + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
Streptomyces lavendulae subsp. lavendulae ATCC 13664
-
-
-
?
penicillin K + H2O
octanoic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
-
-
-
?
penicillin K + H2O
octanoic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
Streptomyces lavendulae subsp. lavendulae ATCC 13664
-
-
-
?
penicillin K + H2O
octanoic acid + 6-aminopenicillanate
preferred substrate for the wild-type enzyme
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
the enzyme is highly specific towards penicillin V
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
penicillin G: negligible activity, ampicillin or amoxicillin: no activity
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
poor substrate
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
Priestia megaterium 14945
-
poor substrate
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
substrate of soluble and immobilized enzyme
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenoxyacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
phenoxyacetate + 6-aminopenicillinate
-
specific for penicillin V
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
phenoxyacetate + 6-aminopenicillinate
-
involvement of serine and tryptophan in the enzyme activity
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
phenoxyacetate + 6-aminopenicillinate
-
-
-
?
penicillin V + H2O
phenoxyacetate + 6-aminopenicillinate
Streptomyces lavendulae subsp. lavendulae ATCC 13664
-
-
-
?
penicillin-G + H2O
6-aminopenicillanic acid + phenylacetic acid
-
-
-
-
?
phenylacetamide + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
?
-
-
-
r
phenylacetylglycine + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
penicillin G + glycine
-
-
-
r
phenylacetylglycine + 6-aminopenicillanic acid
penicillin G + glycine
-
-
-
r
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with cefaclor, cephalexin, ampicillin, dicloxacillin or cephalosporin G
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity with phenylacetyl p-substituted anilides, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity in hydrolysis of conjugated bile salts
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
substrate specificity, overview. No activity with ampicillin, amoxicillin, or cephalosporin. Penicillin G is a poor substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
substrate specificity, overview. No activity with ampicillin, amoxicillin, or cephalosporin. Penicillin G is a poor substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
overview on best substrates for similar organisms
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
intracellular proteolysis in the cytoplasm is one of the important steps that limit the yield of active penicillin amidase from the translational product pre-pro-peniciliin amidase. Glucose and temperature are important parameters, determining the degradation rate of the proteolytically sensitive pre-pro-penicillin amidase
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
penicillin acylase is able to both hydrolyze and synthesize beta-lactam antibiotics
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
overview on best substrates for similar organisms
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
autoproteolytic processing of the alpha and beta subunit
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with cephapirin, cefotaximen cephalosporin, and penicillin N
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with n-heptylpenicillin, 2-(phenylthio)-ethylpenicillin, dimethoxyphenylpenicillin, and 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolylpenicillin
-
-
?
additional information
?
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Priestia megaterium 14945
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no activity with n-heptylpenicillin, 2-(phenylthio)-ethylpenicillin, dimethoxyphenylpenicillin, and 5-methyl-3-phenyl-4-isoxazolylpenicillin
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?
additional information
?
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the acylase shows a marked preference for penicillin K over penicillin G, substrate specificity, overview
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?
additional information
?
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the acylase shows a marked preference for penicillin K over penicillin G, substrate specificity, overview
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?
