3.4.23.4: chymosin
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about chymosin, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 3.4.23.4
-
3.4.23.4
-
milk
-
casein
-
cheese
-
pepsin
-
calf
-
coagulation
-
kappa-caseins
-
rennet
-
milk-clotting
-
clot
-
proteinases
-
angiotensin
-
hypertension
-
aldosterone
-
beta-caseins
-
micelle
-
whey
-
pepsinogen
-
renin
-
ripening
-
plasmin
-
zymogen
-
curd
-
camel
-
skim
-
mucor
-
cheddar
-
pepstatin
-
abomasum
-
gelation
-
cardunculus
-
preruminant
-
cynara
-
progastricsins
-
miehei
-
fundic
-
beta-cn
-
food industry
-
pusillus
-
gastricsins
-
urea-page
-
s1-casein
-
beta-lactoglobulin
-
parasitica
-
hypokalemia
-
glycomacropeptide
-
cheese-making
-
rhizomucor
-
3.4.23.1
-
synthesis
- 3.4.23.4
- milk
- casein
-
cheese
- pepsin
-
calf
-
coagulation
- kappa-caseins
- rennet
-
milk-clotting
- clot
- proteinases
- angiotensin
- hypertension
- aldosterone
- beta-caseins
-
micelle
- whey
- pepsinogen
- renin
-
ripening
- plasmin
- zymogen
-
curd
- camel
-
skim
- mucor
-
cheddar
- pepstatin
- abomasum
-
gelation
- cardunculus
-
preruminant
-
cynara
- progastricsins
- miehei
-
fundic
-
beta-cn
- food industry
- pusillus
- gastricsins
-
urea-page
-
s1-casein
- beta-lactoglobulin
- parasitica
- hypokalemia
- glycomacropeptide
-
cheese-making
- rhizomucor
-
3.4.23.1
- synthesis
Reaction
Broad specificity similar to that of pepsin A. Clots milk by cleavage of a single Ser-Phe105-/-Met-Ala bond in kappa-chain of casein =
Synonyms
CHY-MAX, CHY-MAX 200, chymase, chymosin, chymosin A, chymosin B, CYM, EC 3.4.4.3, More, Preprorennin, prochymosin, rCH, rennin
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3.4.23.4 chymosinAdvanced search results
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Reference on EC 3.4.23.4 - chymosin
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REF. 
AUTHORS
TITLE
JOURNAL
VOL.
PAGES
YEAR
ORGANISM (UNIPROT)
PUBMED ID
SOURCE
Mabrouk, S.S.; Amr, A.S.; Abdel-Fattah, A.F.
A rennin-like enzyme from Penicillium expansum
Agric. Biol. Chem.
40
419-420
1976
Penicillium expansum
-
Malak, C.A.A.; El Adab, I.F.G.A.; Vukashinovic, V.; Zalunin, I.A.; Timokhina, E.A.; Lavrenova, G.I.; Stepanov, V.M.
Buffalo (Bos buffali L.) chymosin purification and properties
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
113
57-62
1996
Bos taurus
Moir, D.; Mao, J.I.; Schumm, J.W.; Vovis, G.F.; Alford, B.L.; Taunton-Rigby, A.
Molecular cloning and characterization of double-stranded cDNA coding for bovine chymosin
Gene
19
127-138
1982
Bos taurus
Beppu, T.
The cloning and expression of chymosin (rennin) genes in microorganisms
Trends Biotechnol.
1
85-89
1983
Bos taurus
-
Gustchina, E.; Rumsh, L.; Ginodman, L.; Majer, P.; Andreeva, N.
Post X-ray crystallographic studies of chymosin: the existence of two structural forms and the regulation of activity by the interaction with the histidine-proline cluster of kappa-casein
FEBS Lett.
379
60-62
1996
Bos taurus
Kleinert, T.; Lange, I.; Roesicke, B.; Honig, A.; Schleusener, R.
Characterization and preparation of chymosin from calf rennet samples by means of isoelectric focusing
Acta Biotechnol.
8
367-375
1988
Bos taurus
-
Zayas, J.F.
Properties and quality characteristics of rennin extracted by ultrasound
Biotechnol. Bioeng.
29
969-975
1987
Bos taurus
Kawaguchi, Y.; Kosugi, S.; Sasaki, K.; Uozumi, T.; Beppu, T.
Production of chymosin in Escherichia coli cells and its enzymatic properties
Agric. Biol. Chem.
51
1871-1877
1987
Bos taurus
-
McCaman, M.T.; Andrews, W.H.; Files, J.G.
Enzymatic properties and processing of bovine prochymosin synthezised in Escherichia coli
J. Biotechnol.
2
177-190
1985
Bos taurus
-
Raap, J.; Kerling, K.E.T.; Vreeman, H.J.; Visser, S.
Peptide substrates for chymosin (rennin): conformational studies of kappa-casein and some kappa-casein-related oligopeptides by circular dichroism and secondary structure prediction
Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
221
117-124
1983
Bos taurus
Jensen, T.; Axelsen, N.H.; Foltmann, B.
Isolation and partial characterization of prochymosin and chymosin from cat
Biochim. Biophys. Acta
705
249-256
1982
Felis catus
Miyoshi, M.; Yoon, C.H.; Ibuki, F.; Kanamori, M.
The characterization of rennin action on kappa-casein using CM-cellulose
Agric. Biol. Chem.
40
347-352
1976
Bos taurus
-
Chang, W.J.; Takahashi, K.
The structure and function of acid proteases. III. Isolation and characterization of the active-site peptides from bovine rennin
J. Biochem.
76
467-474
1974
Bos taurus
Williams, M.G.; Wilsher, J.; Nugent, P.; Mills, A.; Dhanaraj, V.; Fabry, M.; Sedlacek, J.; Uusitalo, J.M.; Penttila, M.E.; Pitts, J.E.; Blundell, T.L.
Mutagenesis, biochemical characterization and X-ray structural analysis of point mutants of bovine chymosin
Protein Eng.
10
991-997
1997
Bos taurus
Akaeda, H.; Miura, H.; Mikami, M.
Studies on the rennin inhibitor in serum Part II: Inhibiting action on rennin coagulation by alpha2-macroglobulin
Nippon Nogeikagaku Kaishi
45
449
1971
Capra hircus, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Equus caballus, Ovis aries, Homo sapiens, Sus scrofa
-
Foltmann, B.
Prochymosin and chymosin (prorennin and rennin)
Methods Enzymol.
19
421-436
1970
Bos taurus
-
Azuma, N.; Kaminogawa, S.; Yamauchi, K.
Properties of glycomacropeptide and para-kappa-casein derived from human kappa-casein and comparison of human and bovine kappa-casein as to susceptibility to chymosin and pepsin
Agric. Biol. Chem.
48
2025-2031
1984
Bos taurus, Homo sapiens
-
Abdel-Fattah, A.F.; Mabrouk, S.S.; El-Hawwary, N.M.
Production and some properties of rennin-like milk-clotting enzyme from Penicillium citrinum
J. Gen. Microbiol.
70
151-155
1972
Penicillium citrinum
-
Abdel-Fattah, A.F.; Abdel-Mohsen, S.I.; El-Aassar, S.A.
Purification and properties of rennin-like enzyme from Absidia cylindrospora
Zentralbl. Mikrobiol.
142
37-40
1987
Absidia cylindrospora
-
Abdel-Mohsen, S.I.; El-Aassar, S.A.; Abdel-Fattah, A.F.
Partial purification of milk-clotting and caseinase enzymes, produced by Absidia cylindrospora, and isolation of rennin-like enzyme
Zentralbl. Mikrobiol.
142
31-35
1987
Absidia cylindrospora
-
Houen, G.; Madsen, M.T.; Harlow, K.W.; Lonblad, P.; Foltmann, B.
The primary structure and enzymic properties of porcine prochymosin and chymosin
Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol.
28
667-675
1996
Sus scrofa
Pitts, J.E.; Quinn, D.; Uusitalo, J.; Penttilae, M.
Protein engineering of chymosin and expression in Trichoderma reesei
Food Biotechnol.
19
663-666
1991
Bos taurus
Strop, P.; Sedlacek, J.; Stys, J.; Kaderabkova, Z.; Blaha, I.; Pavlickova, L.; Pohl, J.; Fabry, M.; Kostka, V.; Newman, M.; Frazao, C.; Shearer, A.; Tickle, I.J.; Blundell, T.L.
Engineering enzyme subsite specificity: preparation, kinetic characterization, and X-ray analysis at 2.0-A resolution of Val111Phe site-mutated calf chymosin
Biochemistry
29
9863-9871
1990
Bos taurus
Pitts, J.E.; Uusitalo, J.M.; Mantafounis, D.; Nugent, P.G.; Quinn, D.D.; Orprayoon, P.; Penttilae, M.E.
Expression and characterisation of chymosin pH optima mutants produced in Trichoderma reesei
J. Biotechnol.
28
69-83
1993
Bos taurus
Nugent, P.G.; Albert, A.; Orprayoon, P.; Wilsher, J.; Pitts, J.E.; Blundell, T.L.; Dhanaraj, V.
Protein engineering loops in aspartic proteinases: site-directed mutagenesis, biochemical characterization and X-ray analysis of chymosin with a replaced loop from rhizopuspepsin
Protein Eng.
9
885-893
1996
Bos taurus
Mantafounis, D.; Pitts, J.
Protein engineering of chymosin; modification of the optimum pH of enzyme catalysis
Protein Eng.
3
605-609
1990
Bos taurus
Gustchina, E.A.; Majer, P.; Rumsh, L.D.; Ginodman, L.M.; Andreeva, N.S.
Post X-ray crystallographic studies of chymosin specificity. The role of histidine-proline cluster of kappa-casein in catalytic reactions
Adv. Exp. Med. Biol.
436
179-184
1998
Bos taurus
Beldarrain, A.; Acosta, N.; Montesinos, R.; Mata, M.; Cremata, J.
Characterization of Mucor pusillus rennin expressed in Pichia pastoris: enzymic, spectroscopic and calorimetric studies
Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem.
31
77-84
2000
Rhizomucor pusillus
-
Kappeler, S.R.; van den Brink, H.J.; Rahbek-Nielsen, H.; Farah, Z.; Puhan, Z.; Hansen, E.B.; Johansen, E.
Characterization of recombinant camel chymosin reveals superior properties for the coagulation of bovine and camel milk
Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.
342
647-654
2006
Bos taurus, Camelus dromedarius
Kageyama, T.
Role of S1 loop residues in the substrate specificities of pepsin A and chymosin
Biochemistry
43
15122-15130
2004
Callithrix jacchus
Starovoitova, V.V.; Velichko, T.I.; Baratova, L.A.; Filippova, I.Y.; Lavrenova, G.I.
A comparative study of functional properties of calf chymosin and its recombinant forms
Biochemistry (Moscow)
71
320-324
2006
Bos taurus
Huppertz, T.; Uniacke, T.; Kelly, A.L.; Fox, P.F.
Inhibition of the proteolytic activity of indigenous plasmin or exogenous chymosin and pepsin in bovine milk by blood serum
Int. dairy J.
16
691-696
2006
Bos taurus
Moschopoulou, E.E.; Kandarakis, I.G.; Alichanidis, E.; Anifantakis, E.M.
Purification and characterization of chymosin and pepsin from kid
J. Dairy Res.
73
49-57
2006
Bos taurus
Kumar, A.; Sharma, J.; Mohanty, A.K.; Grover, S.; Batish, V.K.
Purification and characterization of milk clotting enzyme from goat (Capra hircus)
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B
145
108-113
2006
Capra hircus (Q5VK60), Capra hircus
Kumar, A.; Sharma, J.; Grover, S.; Mohanty, A.K.; Batish, V.K.
Molecular cloning and expression of goat (Capra hircus) prochymosin in E. coli
Food Biotechnol.
21
57-69
2007
Capra hircus
-
Molle, D.; Jean, K.; Guyomarch, F.
Chymosin sensitivity of the heat-induced serum protein aggregates isolated from skim milk
Int. Dairy J.
16
1435-1441
2006
Bos taurus
Bansal, N.; Fox, P.F.; McSweeney, P.L.
Aggregation of rennet-altered casein micelles at low temperatures
J. Agric. Food Chem.
55
3120-3126
2007
Bos taurus
Renan, M.; Guyomarch, F.; Chatriot, M.; Gamerre, V.; Famelart, M.H.
Limited enzymatic treatment of skim milk using chymosin affects the micelle/serum distribution of the heat-induced whey protein/kappa-casein aggregates
J. Agric. Food Chem.
55
6736-6745
2007
Bos taurus
van den Brink, H.J.; Petersen, S.G.; Rahbek-Nielsen, H.; Hellmuth, K.; Harboe, M.
Increased production of chymosin by glycosylation
J. Biotechnol.
125
304-310
2006
Bos taurus
Reh, G.; Spelzini, D.; Tubio, G.; Pico, G.; Farruggia, B.
Partition features and renaturation enhancement of chymosin in aqueous two-phase systems
J. Chromatogr. B
860
98-105
2007
Bos taurus
Vallejo, J.A.; Ageitos, J.M.; Poza, M.; Villa, T.G.
Cloning and expression of buffalo active chymosin in Pichia pastoris
J. Agric. Food Chem.
56
10606-10610
2008
Bubalus bubalis (Q9N1p5), Bubalus bubalis
Palmer, D.S.; Christensen, A.U.; Sörensen, J.; Celik, L.; Qvist, K.B.; Schiott, B.
Bovine chymosin: a computational study of recognition and binding of bovine kappa-casein
Biochemistry
49
2563-2573
2010
Bos taurus
Hidalgo, M.E.; Pires, M.S.; Risso, P.H.
A study on bovine kappa-casein aggregation after the enzymatic action of chymosin
Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces
76
556-563
2010
Bos taurus
Kumar, A.; Grover, S.; Sharma, J.; Batish, V.K.
Chymosin and other milk coagulants: sources and biotechnological interventions
Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.
30
243-258
2010
Bos taurus
Kageyama, H.; Ueda, H.; Tezuka, T.; Ogasawara, A.; Narita, Y.; Kageyama, T.; Ichinose, M.
Differences in the P1' substrate specificities of pepsin A and chymosin
J. Biochem.
147
167-174
2010
Bos taurus (P00794), Bos taurus
Justesen, S.F.; Lamberth, K.; Nielsen, L.L.; Schafer-Nielsen, C.; Buus, S.
Recombinant chymosin used for exact and complete removal of a prochymosin derived fusion tag releasing intact native target protein
Protein Sci.
18
1023-1032
2009
Bos taurus
Sorensen, J.; Palmer, D.S.; Qvist, K.B.; Schiott, B.
Initial stage of cheese production: a molecular modeling study of bovine and camel chymosin complexed with peptides from the chymosin-sensitive region of kappa-casein
J. Agric. Food Chem.
59
5636-5647
2011
Bos taurus (P00794), Bos taurus, Camelus dromedarius (Q9GK11)
Langholm Jensen, J.; Molgaard, A.; Navarro Poulsen, J.C.; Harboe, M.K.; Simonsen, J.B.; Lorentzen, A.M.; Hjerno, K.; van den Brink, J.M.; Qvist, K.B.; Larsen, S.
Camel and bovine chymosin: the relationship between their structures and cheese-making properties
Acta Crystallogr. Sect. D
69
901-913
2013
Bos taurus (P00794), Bos taurus, Camelus dromedarius (Q9GK11)
Sun, Q.; Wang, X.P.; Yan, Q.J.; Chen, W.; Jiang, Z.Q.
Purification and characterization of a chymosin from Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis
Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.
174
174-185
2014
Rhizopus microsporus, Rhizopus microsporus F518
Eskandari, M.; Hosseini, A.; Alasvand Zarasvand, S.; Aminlari, M.
Cloning, expression, purification and refolding of caprine prochymosin
Food Biotechnol.
26
143-153
2012
Capra hircus (Q5VK60)
-
Bijl, E.; van Valenberg, H.; Sikkes, S.; Jumelet, S.; Sala, G.; Olieman, K.; van Hooijdonk, T.; Huppertz, T.
Chymosin-induced hydrolysis of caseins: Influence of degree of phosphorylation of alpha-s1-casein and genetic variants of beta-casein
Int. Dairy J.
39
215-221
2014
Bos taurus
-
Moller, K.K.; Rattray, F.P.; Sorensen, J.C.; Ardoe, Y.
Comparison of the hydrolysis of bovine kappa-casein by camel and bovine chymosin: a kinetic and specificity study
J. Agric. Food Chem.
60
5454-5460
2012
Bos taurus, Camelus dromedarius
Costabel, L.M.; Bergamini, C.V.; Pozza, L.; Cuffia, F.; Candioti, M.C.; Hynes, E.
Influence of chymosin type and curd scalding temperature on proteolysis of hard cooked cheeses
J. Dairy Res.
82
375-384
2015
Camelus dromedarius
Costabel, L.M.; Bergamini, C.V.; Pozza, L.; Cuffia, F.; Candioti, M.C.; Hynes, E.
Influence of chymosin type and curd scalding temperature on proteolysis of hard cooked cheeses
J. Dairy Res.
85
375-384
2015
Bos taurus
Jensen, J.L.; Jacobsen, J.; Moss, M.L.; Rasmussen, F.; Qvist, K.B.; Larsen, S.; van den Brink, J.M.
The function of the milk-clotting enzymes bovine and camel chymosin studied by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay
J. Dairy Sci.
98
2853-2860
2015
Bos taurus, Camelus dromedarius
Noseda, D.G.; Blasco, M.; Recupero, M.; Galvagno, M.A.
Bioprocess and downstream optimization of recombinant bovine chymosin B in Pichia (Komagataella) pastoris under methanol-inducible AOXI promoter
Protein Expr. Purif.
104
85-91
2014
Bos taurus
Wang, N.; Wang, K.Y.; Li, G.; Guo, W.; Liu, D.
Expression and characterization of camel chymosin in Pichia pastoris
Protein Expr. Purif.
111
75-81
2015
Camelus dromedarius (Q9GK11)
Belenkaya, S.; Rudometov, A.; Shcherbakov, D.; Balabova, D.; Kriger, A.; Belov, A.; Koval, A.; Elchaninov, V.
Biochemical properties of recombinant chymosin in alpaca (Vicugna pacos L.)
Appl. Biochem. Microbiol.
54
569-576
2018
Bos taurus, Vicugna pacos
-
Rayanatou, I.A.; Mahamadou, E.G.; Garric, G.; Harel-Oger, M.; Leduc, A.; Jardin, J.; Briard-Bion, V.; Cauty, C.; Adakal, H.; Grongnet, J.F.; Gaucheron, F.
Physico-chemical characterization of dairy gel obtained by a proteolytic extract from Calotropis procera - A comparison with chymosin
Food Chem.
232
405-412
2017
Bos taurus
Wei, Z.Y.; Zhang, Y.Y.; Wang, Y.P.; Fan, M.X.; Zhong, X.F.; Xu, N.; Lin, F.; Xing, S.C.
Production of bioactive recombinant bovine chymosin in tobacco plants
Int. J. Mol. Sci.
17
E624
2016
Bos taurus
Rolet-Repecaud, O.; Arnould, C.; Dupont, D.; Gavoye, S.; Beuvier, E.; Achilleos, C.
Development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based inhibition ELISA for the quantification of chymosin in solution
J. Agric. Food Chem.
63
4799-4804
2015
Bos taurus
Ansari, S.M.; Coletta, A.; Kirkeby Skeby, K.; Sorensen, J.; Schiott, B.; Palmer, D.S.
Allosteric-activation mechanism of bovine chymosin revealed by bias-exchange metadynamics and molecular dynamics simulations
J. Phys. Chem. B
120
10453-10462
2016
Bos taurus (P00794), Bos taurus
Tyagi, A.; Kumar, A.; Yadav, A.; Chandola Saklani, A.; Grover, S.; Batish, V.
Functional expression of recombinant goat chymosin in Pichia pastoris bioreactor cultures A commercially viable alternate
LWT-Food Sci. Technol.
69
217-224
2016
Capra hircus (Q5VK60)
-
Leite Junior, B.; Tribst, A.; Cristianini, M.
The effect of high pressure processing on recombinant chymosin, bovine rennet and porcine pepsin Influence on the proteolytic and milk-clotting activities and on milk-clotting characteristics
LWT-Food Sci. Technol.
76
351-360
2017
Bos taurus
-
Espinoza-Molina, J.A.; Acosta-Muniz, C.H.; Sepulveda, D.R.; Zamudio-Flores, P.B.; Rios-Velasco, C.
Codon optimization of the "Bos taurus Chymosin" gene for the production of recombinant chymosin in Pichia pastoris
Mol. Biotechnol.
58
657-664
2016
Bos taurus
Ulusu, Y.; Sentuerk, S.B.; Kudug, H.; Goekce, I.
Expression, purification, and characterization of bovine chymosin enzyme using an inducible pTOLT system
Prep. Biochem. Biotechnol.
46
596-601
2016
Bos taurus
Liu, W.G.; Wang, Y.P.; Zhang, Z.J.; Wang, M.; Lv, Q.X.; Liu, H.W.; Meng, L.C.; Lu, M.
Generation and characterization of caprine chymosin in corn seed
Protein Expr. Purif.
135
78-82
2017
Capra hircus (Q5VK60)
Ersoez, F.; Inan, M.
Large-scale production of yak (Bos grunniens) chymosin A in Pichia pastoris
Protein Expr. Purif.
154
126-133
2019
Bos grunniens (M4LK61), Bos grunniens
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