1.6.3.5: renalase
This is an abbreviated version!
For detailed information about renalase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.6.3.5
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1.6.3.5
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hypertension
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renin
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angiotensin
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renin-angiotensin
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cardiac
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catecholamine
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normotensive
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cardiovascular
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arterial
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hypertrophy
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sympathetic
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systolic
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glomerular
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antihypertensive
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proteinuria
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angiotensin-converting
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hansd
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hannover
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losartan
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glomerulosclerosis
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prorenin
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tgrmren227
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conscious
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ii-dependent
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angiotensinogen
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endothelin
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nephrectomized
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transgene-negative
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intrarenal
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renoprotective
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epoxyeicosatrienoic
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end-organ
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perindopril
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bosentan
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extra-renal
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atrasentan
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bp-lowering
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aorto-caval
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dinucleotide-dependent
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prehypertensive
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medicine
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valsartan
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monogenetic
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juxtaglomerular
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mren227
- 1.6.3.5
- hypertension
- renin
- angiotensin
-
renin-angiotensin
- cardiac
- catecholamine
-
normotensive
- cardiovascular
- arterial
- hypertrophy
-
sympathetic
-
systolic
-
glomerular
-
antihypertensive
- proteinuria
-
angiotensin-converting
-
hansd
-
hannover
- losartan
- glomerulosclerosis
- prorenin
-
tgrmren227
-
conscious
-
ii-dependent
- angiotensinogen
- endothelin
-
nephrectomized
-
transgene-negative
-
intrarenal
-
renoprotective
-
epoxyeicosatrienoic
-
end-organ
- perindopril
- bosentan
-
extra-renal
-
atrasentan
-
bp-lowering
-
aorto-caval
-
dinucleotide-dependent
-
prehypertensive
- medicine
- valsartan
-
monogenetic
-
juxtaglomerular
-
mren227
Reaction
Synonyms
alphaNAD(P)H oxidase/anomerase, REN, Ren-1, Ren-2, Ren1, renalase-1, renalase-2, RnlS
ECTree
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General Information on EC 1.6.3.5 - renalase
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GENERAL INFORMATION 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
drug target
high dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia might be due to low renalase levels. Renalase enzyme levels may play a substantial role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Renalase levels are significantly lower in schizophrenia patients than in the control group, whereas dopamine levels are significantly higher. The epinephrine levels of both groups are similar, while the norepinephrine levels in patients with schizophrenia are significantly lower than those in the control group
malfunction
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dysregulated extracellular renalase signalling promotes tumour growth
physiological function
physiological function
renalase is a protein hormone secreted into the blood by the kidney that is reported to lower blood pressure
physiological function
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renalase knockout mouse model to explore the mechanisms mediating renalase's effect on phosphate excretion. Compared with wild-type mice maintained on a regular diet, knockout mice show decreased serum phosphate and increased urinary phosphate excretion. Both wild-type and knocout mice respond similarly to phosphate restriction by increasing renal catechol-O-methyl transferase COMT-1 activity and markedly decreasing phosphate excretion. Only catechol-O-methyl transferase expression and activity are significantly increased in knockout mice. Urinary dopamine increases by twofold, whereas urinary l-DOPA excretion decreases by twofold in the knockout mouse
physiological function
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administration of renalase lowers blood pressure and heart rate and also protects cells and organs against ischaemic and toxic injury. Independent of its enzymatic properties, renalase functions as a cytokine that provides protection to cells, tissues and organs by interacting with its receptor to activate protein kinase B, JAK/STAT, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Extracellular renalase protects against renal injury, cardiac injury, and acute pancreatitis
physiological function
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renalase degrades catecholamines contributing to blood pressure control
physiological function
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renalase participates in the pathophysiological mechanism of cardiac dysfunction by down-regulating the activity of sympathetic nervous system and degrading the level of catecholamines. Renalase is strongly associated with type 1 diabetes, hypertension and ischemic diseases
physiological function
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renalase protects the cardiomyocytes of Sprague-Dawley rats against ischemia and reperfusion injury by reducing myocardial cell necrosis and apoptosis
physiological function
during transverse aortic constriction-induced heart failure, renalase is directly associated with P38 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 signaling. Renalase inhibition attenuates the noradrenaline-induced hypertrophic response in vitro or the pressure overload-induced hypertrophic response in vivo. Recombinant renalase protein significantly alleviates pressure overload-induced cardiac failure and is associated with P38 and ERK1/2 signaling
physiological function
genetic deletion of renalase results in more severe disease in murine models of acute pancreatitis, and administering recombinant RNLS to cerulein-exposed wild-type mice after pancreatitis onset is protective. Plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4b is expressed in both murine and human acinar cells and a PMCA4b-selective inhibitor worsens pancreatitis-induced injury and blocks the protective effects of rcombinant RNLS
physiological function
in HK-2 cells, renalase inhibits TGF-1-mediated upregulation of alpha-smooth muscle actin and downregulation of E-cadherin. Increased levels of phospho-extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK1/2) in TGF-1-stimulated cells are reversed by renalase cotreatment. When ERK1 is overexpressed, the inhibition of TGF-1-induced EMT and fibrosis mediated by renalase is attenuated
physiological function
in isolated pancreatic lobules, pretreatment with recombinant human renalase blocks zymogen activation caused by cerulein, carbachol, and a bile acid. Renalase also blocks cerulein-induced cell injury and histological changes. Genetic deletion of renalase results in more severe disease in murine models of acute pancreatitis, and administering recombinant human RNLS to cerulein-exposed wild-type mice after pancreatitis onset is protective
physiological function
in rats with complete unilateral ureteral obstruction, the expression of renalase is markedly downregulated and adenoviral-mediated expression of renalase significantly attenuates renal interstitial fibrosis
physiological function
little to no renalase is detected by histochemistry in the normal pancreatic head in the absence of abdominal trauma. In chronic pancreatitis, renalase immunoreactivity localizes to peri-acinar spindle-shaped cells in some samples and is also widely present in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma precursor lesions and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tissue. Among 240 patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, elevated plasma renalase levels are associated with worse tumor characteristics, including greater angiolymphatic invasion and greater node positive disease. Overall survival is worse in patients with high plasma renalase levels. Renalase levels also predict whether patients with locally advanced/borderline resectable pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma undergo resection
