1.3.1.77: anthocyanidin reductase [(2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol-forming]
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For detailed information about anthocyanidin reductase [(2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol-forming], go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.3.1.77
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1.3.1.77
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anthocyanidins
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proanthocyanidins
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epicatechins
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camellia
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leucoanthocyanidin
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testa
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+-catechin
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flavan-3-ols
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cslar
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pelargonidin
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molecular biology
- 1.3.1.77
- anthocyanidins
- proanthocyanidins
- epicatechins
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camellia
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leucoanthocyanidin
- testa
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+-catechin
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flavan-3-ols
- cslar
- pelargonidin
- molecular biology
Reaction
Synonyms
ANR, ANR1, ANR1-2, ANR1-3, ANR2, ANR2a, ANRa, ANRb, anthocyanidin reductase, anthocyanidin reductase 1, anthocyanidin reductase 2, AtANR, BAN, BANYULS, BEN1, BpANR, CsANR, CsANR1, CsANR2, CssANRa, CssANRb, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase-like protein, FeANR, GhANR1, MdLAR1, MtANR, PtrANR1, RrANR, VbANR
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General Information
General Information on EC 1.3.1.77 - anthocyanidin reductase [(2R,3R)-flavan-3-ol-forming]
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malfunction
metabolism
physiological function
additional information
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ectopic expression of CsANR2 leads to the accumulation of low levels of proanthocyanidin precursors and their conjugates in Medicago truncatula hairy roots and anthocyanin-overproducing tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), but levels of oligomeric proanthocyanidins are low
malfunction
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overexpression of PtrANR1 in poplar results in a significant increase in proanthocyanidin levels but no impact on catechin levels. Antisense down-regulation of PtrANR1 shows reduced proanthocyanidin accumulation in transgenic lines, but increased levels of anthocyanin content
malfunction
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overexpression of tea dihydroflavonol 4-reductase (DFR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) proteins in transgenic tobacco induces early flowering and improves seed yield. The CsDFR/CsANR overexpression increases the accumulation of flavonoids, thereby improves antioxidant potential and redox state of transgenic tobacco plants. Improved antioxidant potential upon CsDFR and CsANR overexpression in transgenic tobacco provides biotic stress tolerance against Spodoptera litura
malfunction
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enzyme knockout ANRi birches show decreased growth and reduction in proanthocyanidins content, while the accumulation of total phenolics in both stems and leaves increase. ANRi birches produce more resin glands than do wild-type birches. The response of ANRi birches to N depletion varies compared with that of wild-type birches, and in particular, the concentrations of some phenolics in stems increase in wild-type birches and decrease in ANRi birches. Because the inhibition of proanthocyanidins biosynthesis via ANR seriously affects birch growth and results in accumulation of the precursors, the native level of proanthocyanidins in plant tissues is assumed to be the prerequisite for normal plant growth. Phenotypes, overview
malfunction
loss of function ANR mutants show large reductions in both soluble and insoluble proanthocyanidins in seeds compared to wild-type, as well as low amounts of epicatechin and its 3'-O-glucoside in the anr-1 mutant. The seeds of anr mutants are darkred resulting from redirected metabolic flow from anthocyanidin to anthocyanin
malfunction
Medicago truncatula ecotype R108
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loss of function ANR mutants show large reductions in both soluble and insoluble proanthocyanidins in seeds compared to wild-type, as well as low amounts of epicatechin and its 3'-O-glucoside in the anr-1 mutant. The seeds of anr mutants are darkred resulting from redirected metabolic flow from anthocyanidin to anthocyanin
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anthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
metabolism
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anthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
metabolism
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anthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
metabolism
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anthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
metabolism
the enzyme is important in biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) such as catechin and epicatechin, the proanthocyanidin pathway exists as ametabolic channel associated with cellular membranes
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the flavan-3-ol/anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. Leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) catalyze the formation of catechins and epicatechins from leucoanthocyanidins and anthocyanidins, respectively, overview
metabolism
the enzyme is involved in the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by forming (-)-epicatechin, which polymerizes to proanthocyanidins, overview
metabolism
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the enzyme is involved in the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by forming (-)-epicatechin, which polymerizes to proanthocyanidins, overview. The enzymes leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) provide two separate pathways for the synthesis of the units for proanthocyanidin polymers. Catechins are derived from leucocyanidin by the catalyzation of LAR, while epicatechins are synthesized from cyanidin by ANR
metabolism
transcriptomic analysis of these transgenic Nicotiana tabacum lines indicate that RrANR overexpression induces global transcriptomic changes, including those involved in oxidation/reduction, hormone response and secondary metabolism. Genes related to abscisic acid biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging are upregulated in RrANR transgenic lines, and the effects are phenocopied by the direct treatment of tobacco plants with proanthocyanidins and abscisic acid. Overexpression of RrANR results in an increase in plant tolerance to oxidative stress via increased scavenging of ROS and modulation ofthe abscisic acid signaling pathway
metabolism
the enzymes catalyzes the last steps of flavan-3-ol biosynthesis
metabolism
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anthocyanidin reductase is involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in apple
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ANR is a key enzyme of procyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seed
physiological function
overexpression of ANR in banyuls mutants reconstructs the biosynthetic pathway of proanthocyanidins in the seed coat
physiological function
Anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and plays a role in the plant stress response , mechanism by which ANR confers stress tolerance in plants, overview. Rosa rugosa anthocyanidin reductase overexpression in Nicotiana tabacum enhances tobacco tolerance to abiotic stress through increased reactive oxygen species scavenging and modulation of abscisic acid signaling
physiological function
anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is an NADPH-/NADH-dependent enzyme that transfers two hydrides to anthocyanidins to produce three types of isomeric flavan-3-ols
physiological function
anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), together with leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3), plays an important role in the monomeric units biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins (PAs) such as catechin and epicatechin in several plants. ANR and LAR levels in tartary buckwheat might be regulated by different mechanisms for catechin and epicatechin biosynthesis under light and dark conditions. The catechin content is correlated with color pigment in roots
physiological function
the anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) pathway is involved in the biosynthesis of proanthocyanidins in upland cotton
physiological function
the enzyme converts anthocyanidins into nonalloylated catechins. The majority of leaf flavan-3-ols in Shuchazao's leaves are produced from the ANR pathway
physiological function
the enzyme converts anthocyanidins into nonalloylated catechins. The majority of leaf flavan-3-ols in Shuchazao's leaves are produced from the ANR pathway
physiological function
the expression of ANR is co-regulated by MYB transcriptional factor, and it is positively correlated
physiological function
the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
physiological function
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the relationship between the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and the expression of genes encoding leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR, EC 1.17.1.3) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR) is analyzed in fruit skin of one apple cultivar and three crab apples showing that transcript levels of LAR1 and ANR2 genes are significantly correlated with the contents of catechin and epicatechin, respectively, which suggests their active roles in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis
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physiological function
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ANR is a key enzyme of procyanidin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis seed
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
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flavonoid content in wild and cultivated apples, overview
additional information
the putative enzymatic activity triad is composed of Ser136, Tyr173, and Lys177
additional information
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the putative enzymatic activity triad is composed of Ser136, Tyr173, and Lys177
additional information
three-dimensional structure modeling and analysis, substrate molecular docking
additional information
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three-dimensional structure modeling and analysis, substrate molecular docking