1.1.1.195: cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
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For detailed information about cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase, go to the full flat file.
Word Map on EC 1.1.1.195
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1.1.1.195
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lignin
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lignification
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monolignols
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phenylpropanoids
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sinapyl
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xylem
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coniferyl
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ammonia-lyase
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cinnamoyl-coa
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caffeic
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coniferaldehyde
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guaiacyl
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sinapaldehyde
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eucalyptus
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cinnamoyl
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hydroxycinnamyl
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linum
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taeda
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p-coumaryl
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cinnamaldehydes
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syringyl
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loblolly
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biofuel production
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nutrition
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industry
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biotechnology
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4-coumarate-coa
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4.3.1.5
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synthesis
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thioacidolysis
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4-coumarate
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3-o-methyltransferase
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podophyllotoxin
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agriculture
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gunnii
- 1.1.1.195
- lignin
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lignification
- monolignols
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phenylpropanoids
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sinapyl
- xylem
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coniferyl
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ammonia-lyase
- cinnamoyl-coa
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caffeic
- coniferaldehyde
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guaiacyl
- sinapaldehyde
- eucalyptus
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cinnamoyl
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hydroxycinnamyl
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linum
- taeda
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p-coumaryl
- cinnamaldehydes
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syringyl
-
loblolly
- biofuel production
- nutrition
- industry
- biotechnology
-
4-coumarate-coa
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4.3.1.5
- synthesis
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thioacidolysis
- 4-coumarate
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3-o-methyltransferase
- podophyllotoxin
- agriculture
- gunnii
Reaction
Synonyms
ADH, AdhA, alcohol dehydrogenase, AtCAD4, BdCAD1, Bmr6, Bradi3g06480, brown midrib6, Brown-midrib 1 protein, CAD, CAD 7/8, CAD1, CAD10, CAD11, CAD12, CAD13, CAD14, CAD15, CAD2, CAD3, CAD4, CAD5, CAD6, CAD7, CAD8, CAD9, CADH I, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 1, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 12, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 3, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 4, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 5, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 7, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 9, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase C, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenases, CtCAD1, CtCAD2, CtCAD3, dehydrogenase, cinnamyl alcohol, FC1, FLEXIBLE CULM1, HcCAD1, HcCAD2, LlCAD2, LtuCAD1, More, Mt-CAD1, Mt-CAD2, PhCAD1, PhCAD2, PhCAD3, PhCAD4, PtoCAD1, PtoCAD12, PtoCAD2, PtoCAD3, PtoCAD5, PtoCAD6, PtoCAD7, PtoCAD8, PtoCAD9, ScAdh6p, TaCAD12
ECTree
1.1.1.195 cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenaseAdvanced search results
results (
results (Engineering
Engineering on EC 1.1.1.195 - cinnamyl-alcohol dehydrogenase
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PROTEIN VARIANTS 
ORGANISM
UNIPROT
COMMENTARY 
LITERATURE
T49A
less than 0.5% of wild-type activity. Thermodynamic data indicate a negative enthalpic change, as well as a significant decrease in binding affinity with NADPH. Residue Thr49 is essential for overall catalytic conversion
G575A/G192D
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the nucleotide substitution G575A occurs in BdCAD1 of the Bd4179 line, and consequently induces the G192D change in the highly conserved glycine-rich NADPH binding site GLGGVG
F226A
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site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation leads to an enlarged phenolic binding site resulting in a 4fold increase in activity with sinapaldehyde, which in comparison to the smaller coumaraldehyde and coniferaldehyde substrates is disfavored by wild-type CAD2
Y136F
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site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation leads to an enlarged phenolic binding site resulting in a 10fold increase in activity with sinapaldehyde, which in comparison to the smaller coumaraldehyde and coniferaldehyde substrates is disfavored by wild-type CAD2
Y136F/F226A
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site-directed mutagenesis, the mutation leads to an enlarged phenolic binding site resulting in a 10fold increase in activity with sinapaldehyde, which in comparison to the smaller coumaraldehyde and coniferaldehyde substrates is disfavored by wild-type CAD2
A278V
the isoform CAD4 mutant shows strongly decreased catalytic efficiency compared to the wild type enzyme
G301F
the isoform CAD4 mutant enzyme displays slightly elevated Km values for 4-coumaryl aldehyde but decreased Km for coniferyl aldehyde compared with those values of wild type. The mutant becomes more dedicated toward sinapyl aldehyde, with substantially decreased efficiency for coniferyl aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
L119W
the isoform CAD4 mutant displays a slightly reduced Km value for both 4-coumaryl aldehyde and coniferyl aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme. The mutant becomes more efficient toward coniferaldehyde due to the very small Km value, with substantially decreased efficiency for both sinapyl aldehyde and 4-coumaryl aldehyde
L119W/G301F
the isoform CAD4 double mutant displays its substrate preference in the order coniferyl aldehyde over 4-coumaryl aldehyde over sinapyl aldehyde, with higher catalytic efficiency than that of wild type enzyme. The mutant displays 10 and 800fold increases in its catalytic efficiency for coniferyl aldehyde and 4-coumaryl aldehyde, respectively, and a 50% decrease in catalytic efficiency for sinapyl aldehyde as compared to the wild type enzyme
Q132Stop
mutation responsible for the bmr6 phenotype. Mutation leads to significant reduction in all three main lignin subunits, H-, G-, and S-lignin of 4.8-, 7.3-, and 17.7fold, respectively, relative to the wild type. Lignin subunits S-indene and G-indene are elevated 9.5- and 8.3fold, respectively, in bmr6 relative to the wild type
W58L
the isoform CAD4 mutant enzyme displays slightly elevated Km values for 4-coumaryl aldehyde but decreased Km for coniferyl aldehyde compared with those values of wild type
Y288P
the isoform CAD4 mutant becomes more dedicated toward sinapyl aldehyde, with substantially decreased efficiency for coniferyl aldehyde compared to the wild type enzyme
Y95V
the isoform CAD4 mutant shows decreased catalytic efficiency compared to the wild type enzyme
additional information
additional information
construction of null-mutants of both genes AtCAD-C and AtCAD-D showing highly reduced enzyme activity, but only the latter shows slightly modificated lignin structure, construction of transgenic plants by infection with recombinant Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58pMP90 via flower infiltration method, expression pattern of AtCAD-C and AtCAD-D
additional information
construction of a cad-c-cad-d-double mutant, which shows delayed vegetative growth and bolting, combined with reduced size
additional information
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construction of a cad-c-cad-d-double mutant, which shows delayed vegetative growth and bolting, combined with reduced size
additional information
construction of a cad-c-cad-d-double mutant, which shows delayed vegetative growth and bolting, combined with reduced size, as well as lignin modifications, overview
additional information
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construction of a cad-c-cad-d-double mutant, which shows delayed vegetative growth and bolting, combined with reduced size, as well as lignin modifications, overview
additional information
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in double mutant strain lacking the activities of isoforms cad-4 and cad-5, the material strength properties of the stem plant material are greatly diminished due to severe reductions in macromolecular lignin content. Initially the overall pattern of phenolic deposition in the mutant is very similar to wild-type. Shortly into the stage involving 8-O-4'-linkage formation, deposition is aborted. At this final stage, the double mutant retains a very limited ability to biosynthesize monolignols as evidenced by cleavage and release of ca. 4% of the monolignol-derived moieties relative to the lignin of the wild-type line. In addition, while small amounts of cleavable p-hydroxycinnamaldehyde-derived moieties are released, the overall frequency of monomer cleavable 8-O-4'-inter-unit linkages closely approximates that of wild-type for the equivalent level of lignin deposition
additional information
construction of disruption mutants of genes CADC and CADD of Arabidopsis thaliana resulting in the atypical incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes into lignin. The cadc/cadd-deficient and ferulic acid hydroxylase1 (fah1) cadc/cadd-deficient plants are similar in growth to wild-type plants even though their lignin compositions are drastically altered. In contrast, disruption of CAD in the F5H-overexpressing background results in dwarfism. The dwarfed phenotype observed in these plants does not appear to be related to collapsed xylem, a hallmark of many other lignin-deficient dwarf mutants. Mutant cadc/cadd-deficient and fah1 cadc/cadd-deficient, and cadd-deficient-F5H-overexpressing plants have increased enzyme-catalyzed cell wall digestibility. Phenotypes, overview
additional information
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construction of disruption mutants of genes CADC and CADD of Arabidopsis thaliana resulting in the atypical incorporation of hydroxycinnamaldehydes into lignin. The cadc/cadd-deficient and ferulic acid hydroxylase1 (fah1) cadc/cadd-deficient plants are similar in growth to wild-type plants even though their lignin compositions are drastically altered. In contrast, disruption of CAD in the F5H-overexpressing background results in dwarfism. The dwarfed phenotype observed in these plants does not appear to be related to collapsed xylem, a hallmark of many other lignin-deficient dwarf mutants. Mutant cadc/cadd-deficient and fah1 cadc/cadd-deficient, and cadd-deficient-F5H-overexpressing plants have increased enzyme-catalyzed cell wall digestibility. Phenotypes, overview
additional information
BdCAD1 targeted silencing via highly specific artificial microRNA, Transgenic growth and developmental phenotype, overview. Downregulation of BdCAD1 is associated with a significant decrease in S units and a slight yet not statistically significant increase in G units, resulting in a reduced S/G ratio in lignin composition
additional information
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BdCAD1 targeted silencing via highly specific artificial microRNA, Transgenic growth and developmental phenotype, overview. Downregulation of BdCAD1 is associated with a significant decrease in S units and a slight yet not statistically significant increase in G units, resulting in a reduced S/G ratio in lignin composition
additional information
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screening of a chemically induced population of Brachypodium mutants (Bd21-3 background) for red culm coloration and identification of two mutants, Bd4179 and Bd7591, with mutations in the BdCAD1 gene. The amount of sinapic acid ester-linked to cell walls is measured for in the lignin-related CAD grass mutants. Functional complementation of the Bd4179 mutant with the wild-type BdCAD1 allele restores the wild-type phenotype and lignification. The Bdcad1 alleles are responsible for the reddish-brown phenotype
additional information
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construction of transgenic antisense plants via infection with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, expressing the gene under control of the CaMV35S promotor, and showing down-regulation of the CAD gene up to 83% reduced expression, but no significant changes in lignin profile, quantiy and composition, in the transgenic trees
additional information
CAD down-regulation does not lead to the accumulation of lignin precursors, evaluated composition and properties of flax fibre from plants with silenced CAD gene. CAD downregulation does not disturb at all or has only slight effect on flax plants' development in vivo, while the resistance against flax major pathogen Fusarium oxysporum decreases slightly. The modification positively affects fibre possessing, it results in more uniform retting. Even if the overall retting time is not shortened, CAD straw is colonized by microorganisms much quicker, and the pectin degradation enzymes act effectively from the very beginning of the retting. The process of retting in the transgenic straw is more uniform, which might contribute to an improvement in the fibre quality
additional information
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CAD down-regulation does not lead to the accumulation of lignin precursors, evaluated composition and properties of flax fibre from plants with silenced CAD gene. CAD downregulation does not disturb at all or has only slight effect on flax plants' development in vivo, while the resistance against flax major pathogen Fusarium oxysporum decreases slightly. The modification positively affects fibre possessing, it results in more uniform retting. Even if the overall retting time is not shortened, CAD straw is colonized by microorganisms much quicker, and the pectin degradation enzymes act effectively from the very beginning of the retting. The process of retting in the transgenic straw is more uniform, which might contribute to an improvement in the fibre quality
additional information
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CAD down-regulation does not lead to the accumulation of lignin precursors, evaluated composition and properties of flax fibre from plants with silenced CAD gene. CAD downregulation does not disturb at all or has only slight effect on flax plants' development in vivo, while the resistance against flax major pathogen Fusarium oxysporum decreases slightly. The modification positively affects fibre possessing, it results in more uniform retting. Even if the overall retting time is not shortened, CAD straw is colonized by microorganisms much quicker, and the pectin degradation enzymes act effectively from the very beginning of the retting. The process of retting in the transgenic straw is more uniform, which might contribute to an improvement in the fibre quality
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additional information
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identification of Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion cad1-1 and cad1-2 mutants of Medicago truncatula that show reduced lignin autofluorescence under UV microscopy and red coloration in interfascicular fibers, Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion-mutagenized Medicago truncatula plants usually contain 20-50 insertions per plant. The phenotype is caused by insertion of retrotransposons into a gene CAD1. Microarray analysis with RNA isolated from stem internodes of the cad1-1 mutant. NMR analysis indicates that the lignin is derived almost exclusively from coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde and is therefore strikingly different from classical lignins, which are derived mainly from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. Normal growth under standard conditions in the greenhouse or growth chamber, but dwarfed plants when grown at 30°C. Glycome profiling reveals increased extractability of some xylan and pectin epitopes from the cell walls of the cad1-1 mutant but decreased extractability of others, suggesting that aldehyde-dominant lignin significantly alters cell wall structure
additional information
identification of Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion cad1-1 and cad1-2 mutants of Medicago truncatula that show reduced lignin autofluorescence under UV microscopy and red coloration in interfascicular fibers, Tnt1 retrotransposon insertion-mutagenized Medicago truncatula plants usually contain 20-50 insertions per plant. The phenotype is caused by insertion of retrotransposons into a gene CAD1. Microarray analysis with RNA isolated from stem internodes of the cad1-1 mutant. NMR analysis indicates that the lignin is derived almost exclusively from coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde and is therefore strikingly different from classical lignins, which are derived mainly from coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols. Normal growth under standard conditions in the greenhouse or growth chamber, but dwarfed plants when grown at 30°C. Glycome profiling reveals increased extractability of some xylan and pectin epitopes from the cell walls of the cad1-1 mutant but decreased extractability of others, suggesting that aldehyde-dominant lignin significantly alters cell wall structure
additional information
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structure-based mutagenesis of Mt-CAD2 reveals and confirms the roles of key residues involved in catalysis and substrate binding and affords the engineering of catalytically active variants with increased turnover of sinapaldehyde
additional information
construction of transgenic tobacco plants with reduced expression of CAD1 by RNAi displaying normal growth and development and slight effects on lignin production, but the xylem shows an altered content in phenolic lignin forming compounds, metanolic profiling
additional information
construction of transgenic tobacco plants with reduced expression of CAD1 by RNAi displaying normal growth and development and slight effects on lignin production, but the xylem shows an altered content in phenolic lignin forming compounds, metanolic profiling
additional information
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construction of transgenic tobacco plants with reduced expression of CAD1 by RNAi displaying normal growth and development and slight effects on lignin production, but the xylem shows an altered content in phenolic lignin forming compounds, metanolic profiling
additional information
construction of transgenic tobacco plants with reduced expression of CAD1 by RNAi, transformation using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system, the transgenic plants display normal growth and development and slight effects on lignin production, but the xylem shows an altered content in lignin forming compounds, metanolic profiling by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
additional information
construction of transgenic tobacco plants with reduced expression of CAD1 by RNAi, transformation using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system, the transgenic plants display normal growth and development and slight effects on lignin production, but the xylem shows an altered content in lignin forming compounds, metanolic profiling by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
additional information
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construction of transgenic tobacco plants with reduced expression of CAD1 by RNAi, transformation using the Agrobacterium tumefaciens system, the transgenic plants display normal growth and development and slight effects on lignin production, but the xylem shows an altered content in lignin forming compounds, metanolic profiling by gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry
additional information
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study in the xylem of tobacco plants in which the expression of cinnamoyl CoA reductase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase or both are downregulated in order to map the metabolic sphere of influence of the perturbation of lignification. Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase downregulated tobacco is enriched in transcript of light- and cell-wall-related genes and its lignin incorporates more aldehydes. The strain accumulates strongly the substrates of the suppressed enzyme, coniferaldehyde and sinapaldehyde
additional information
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the GH2-mutant cells are enzyme-inactive and lignin-deficient
additional information
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down-regulation of CAD expression in callus cultures by RNAi method leads to an reduction of 80% of enzyme activity and the accumulation of dihydroconiferyl alcohol, DHCA
additional information
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in PhCAD1 the active site residue G302 from the sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase, SAD, is mutated to C302 and active site residue A293 is mutated to M293. Accumulation of ptox and lignin in PhCAD1-4 isoforms overexpressing transgenic lines, overview
additional information
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in PhCAD2 the active site residue G302 from the sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase, SAD, is mutated to A300 and active site residue A293 is mutated to D290
additional information
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in PhCAD3 the active site residue G302 from the sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase, SAD, is conserved, but active site residue A293 is mutated to T290. Accumulation of ptox and lignin in PhCAD1-4 isoforms overexpressing transgenic lines, overview
additional information
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in PhCAD4 the active site residue G302 from the sinapyl alcohol dehydrogenase, SAD, is conserved, but active site residue A293 is mutated to M296
additional information
maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-das1 contains an insertion, which results in a truncated protein of 48amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-das1 are reduced by 91%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 24%
additional information
maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-das1 contains an insertion, which results in a truncated protein of 48amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-das1 are reduced by 91%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 24%
additional information
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maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-das1 contains an insertion, which results in a truncated protein of 48amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-das1 are reduced by 91%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 24%
additional information
maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-ref contains a two-nucleotide insertion in the 3rd exon, which results in a truncated protein of 147 amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-ref are reduced by 86%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 30%
additional information
maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-ref contains a two-nucleotide insertion in the 3rd exon, which results in a truncated protein of 147 amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-ref are reduced by 86%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 30%
additional information
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maize brown midrib mutant plants, bm1, have reduced lignin content and offer significant advantages when used in silage and biofuel applications. Allele bm1-ref contains a two-nucleotide insertion in the 3rd exon, which results in a truncated protein of 147 amino acids. The levels of cad2 mRNA in the midribs of bm1-ref are reduced by 86%, leading to reductions in total lignin contents by 30%
