Cloned (Comment) | Organism |
---|---|
operons HdrED, hdrD2, hdrA1C1B1, and hdrA2C2B2 with a putative polyferredoxin, several hdr alleles are present in the Methanosarcina acetivorans C2A chromosome, phylogenetic analysis | Methanosarcina acetivorans |
Protein Variants | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
additional information | construction of a DELTAhdrA1C1B1 deletion mutant, that shows reduced growth and methanogenesis rates of an hdrA1C1B1 mutant on methylotrophic substrates and downregulation of the genes during growth on acetate. Deletion of hdrA1C1B1 results in upregulation of CoB-SH and CoM-SH synthesis, transport and methylsulfide methyltransferases, phenotype, overview | Methanosarcina acetivorans |
Localization | Comment | Organism | GeneOntology No. | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|---|
cytosol | - |
Methanosarcina acetivorans | 5829 | - |
Natural Substrates | Organism | Comment (Nat. Sub.) | Natural Products | Comment (Nat. Pro.) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
coenzyme B + coenzyme M + methanophenazine | Methanosarcina acetivorans | - |
N-(7-[(2-sulfoethyl)dithio]heptanoyl)-O3-phospho-L-threonine + dihydromethanophenazine | - |
? |
Organism | UniProt | Comment | Textmining |
---|---|---|---|
Methanosarcina acetivorans | - |
- |
- |
Substrates | Comment Substrates | Organism | Products | Comment (Products) | Rev. | Reac. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
coenzyme B + coenzyme M + methanophenazine | - |
Methanosarcina acetivorans | N-(7-[(2-sulfoethyl)dithio]heptanoyl)-O3-phospho-L-threonine + dihydromethanophenazine | - |
? |
Synonyms | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
CoB-S-S-CoM reductase | - |
Methanosarcina acetivorans |
Coenzyme B-Coenzyme M heterodisulfide reductase | - |
Methanosarcina acetivorans |
HDR | - |
Methanosarcina acetivorans |
General Information | Comment | Organism |
---|---|---|
evolution | a cytoplasmic HdrABC enzyme complex is found in most methanogens, whereas a membrane-bound HdrED complex is found exclusively in members of the order Methanosarcinales. Multiple copies of both Hdr classes are found in all sequenced Methanosarcinales genomes. Evolutionary relationships among the Hdr proteins in methanogens, overview | Methanosarcina acetivorans |
metabolism | regardless of the substrate used, all methanogens produce a CoB-S-SCoM heterodisulfide molecule in the last step of methanogenesis. CoBS-S-CoM subsequently must be reduced to regenerate the CoB-SH and CoM-SH thiols that are used as electron donors by methyl-CoM reductase and methyl-CoM methyltransferases. This regeneration reaction is catalysed by the enzyme heterodisulfide reductase | Methanosarcina acetivorans |
additional information | either operon HdrED or HdrABC is preferred as the dominant Hdr activity in the cell, or HdrED and HdrABC have specialized physiological functions, dependent on the conditions, overview. Transcription of hdr genes is regulated by methanogenic substrate, overview | Methanosarcina acetivorans |
physiological function | regardless of the substrate used, all methanogens produce a CoB-S-SCoM heterodisulfide molecule in the last step of methanogenesis. CoBS-S-CoM subsequently must be reduced to regenerate the CoB-SH and CoM-SH thiols that are used as electron donors by methyl-CoM reductase and methyl-CoM methyltransferases. This regeneration reaction is catalysed by the enzyme heterodisulfide reductase. HdrED is essential in Methanosarcina acetivorans, HdrABC is not essential, but contributes to growth and methane production from methylotrophic substrates. The hdrED1 operon is constitutively expressed and required for viability under all growth conditions examined, consistent with HdrED being the primary Hdr. HdrABC is specifically involved in methylotrophic methanogenesis, based on reduced growth and methanogenesis rates of an DELTAhdrA1C1B1 mutant on methylotrophic substrates and downregulation of the genes during growth on acetate, overview | Methanosarcina acetivorans |